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Cell Transport

TermDefinition
Passive Transport Substances move across the cell WITH the concentration gradient. (HIGH to LOW)
diffusion Molecules moving from high concentrations to low concentrations
concentration gradient a difference of concentrations between two regions
Brownian movement the random movement of particles
equilibrium the state in which the concentrations on both sides of the semipermeable membrane are the same
simple diffusion molecules move through a semipermeable membrane without any aid of transport proteins
facilitated diffusion transport of polar molecules or ions across a semipermeable membrane that require transport proteins
osmosis the diffusion of (the polar) water across a semipermeable membrane
channel proteins simple tunnels that molecules can use to enter or exit the cell; can be gated to open and close
carrier proteins proteins that change their shape after interacting with a specific molecule in order to let it pass through
ion channels specialized channels used in passive transport to allow ions in and out of the cell with the concentration gradient high to low
auqaporins proteins that help osmosis to occur faster by allowing more water movement into the cell
hypotonic the concentration of water inside the cell is LOWER than the concentration outside the cell; water enters the cell
hypertonic the concentration of water inside the cell is HIGHER than the concentration outside the cell; water leaves the cell
isotonic water concentration stays equal inside and outside the cell; water enters and exits the cell at equal rates; no net movement
active transport REQUIRES ENERGY; moves substances AGAINST the concentration gradient (LOW to HIGH) or used to move very large molecules that will not fit through the membranes or the transport proteins
endocytosis a process in which cells surround and engulf substances that are TOO BIG to enter the cell
exocytosis when a cell forms a vesicle around unwanted particles and expels them OUT of the cell
sodium-potassium pump a specialized protein that pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions that are moved into the cell. (LOW to HIGH)
endocytosis - phagocytosis taking in solid food particles
endocytosis - pinocytosis taking in dissolved or broken down substances
endocytosis - receptor mediated the cell brings in specific substances using receptors (hormones, proteins, etc.)
cell membrane - regulation regulates what enters and exits the cell
cell membrane - protection provides protection and support for the cell
cell membrane - communication can receive signals from other cells or the environment/ sending signals (vital for homeostasis)
phospholipid bilayer double layer of phospholipids
phospholipid a lipid with a phosphate group attached; there is a polar group attached to the phosphate
fluid mosaic model S.J. Singer; model used to describe the structure of a cell membrane to show there are so many different molecules attached to the cell membrane to form a "mosaic"
transport proteins responsible for moving materials in and out of the cell; passive/active
marker proteins nametags to identify cell; glycoproteins (carbohydrates), enables a person's immune system to distinguish its cells from those of invading cells
receptor proteins allows cell to interact and communicate with other cells by picking up signals fro other cells; exterior can bind to a molecule and cause the portion of protein inside the cell to change shape, triggering a reaction and sending out a signal
sodium plays a key role in generating electrical signals among our cells; too much can build up and be fatal; sodium can return to the cell through passive transport ion channels
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