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Evolution Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Viral Reassortment | ability of viruses to swap genes when 2 viruses infect a cell at the same time |
| Great Chain of Being | classifying organisms from lower to higher forms ex: plants, animals, humans |
| Linnaean Classification | nested hierarchy of genes (taxa) |
| Steno | ideas of fossils and stratigraphy (oldest layers of Earth at the bottom) |
| Buffon | Earth formed according to laws of physics |
| Hutton | small changes of Earth could lead to dramatic changes over time |
| Smith | same of kind of fossils in older rocks but different ones in younger rocks, organized strata by geologic history |
| Cuvier and Mary Anning | fossils resembled modern species, different geological layers, extinction |
| Lamarack | diversity product of evolution, life from simple to complex, humans came from microbes, acquired traits w/in individuals lifetime passed down (giraffe long neck) |
| Lyell | uniformitarianism, gradual changes in geology |
| Malthus | human pop. would outgrow resources but something is keeping it in check |
| Wallace | similar conclusions as Darwin about evolution by nat selection |
| Descent with Modification | passing traits from parents to offspring, accounts for gradual change over time |
| Natural Selection | mechanism that can lead to adaptive evolution, differences in phenotypes cause some to survive better than others |
| Artificial Selection | selective breeding of organisms for desired traits |
| Adaptation | inherited aspect of individual that allows it to outcompete other members of the same pop. that lack that trait |
| Heredity | transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| Genetics | study of heredity |
| Gene | segment of DNA nucleotide sequence codes for proteins, RNA, or other regulatory processes |
| Genetic Drift | evolution from random changes in genetic composition of pop. from one generation to the next |
| The predominant western belief before the mid-1800's was that the life on Earth was the result of: | divine creation |
| 4 things evolution needs to occur | 1. traits among individuals vary 2. some of that variation is heritable 3. more offspring produced than survive 4. survival and reprod are non-random |
| Biological Evolution | process by which population of organisms experience genetic changes over generations and shows heritable variation in survival and reprod |
| Population | group of individuals of same species |
| Climitizing | individual adjusting to environment but is NOT evolution |
| Microevolution | changes in heritable (genetic) characteristics in population over time |
| Microevolution example | gene flow |
| Macroevolution | descent w/ modification and divergence by which multiple species arise from a common ancestor |
| Macroevolution example | speciation |
| Themes of Evolution | discovering and describing diversity, processes that shape biodiversity |
| Viral survival and reproduction is affected by: | ability to invade host, replication rate, host immune response, virulence, transmission |
| Virulence | effect on host (symptoms, death) |
| Nat Selection for novel host | more replication, increased fitness, new transmission path |
| Nat Selection for virulence | middle level, not too high (no transmission) or too low (no replication) |
| Nat Selection for transmission | faster or more effective, new routes, faster replication, hidden symptoms |
| Nat Selection for host resistence | expect greater host resistance if time allows |
| Nat Selection for host transmission | behaviors can change (masks, isolation) |
| Selection is ______ dependent | context |
| Nat selection _____ lead to perfection | doesn't |
| Nat selection is NOT _____ | progressive |
| Nat selection doesn't involve organisms trying to _____ | adapt |
| Do environmental changes cause advantageous mutations? | NO |
| Does evolution grant organisms what they need? | NO |
| Is evolution random? | NO |
| Mutations occur by ______ | chance |
| Nat selections acts on _____ | individuals |
| Evolution acts on ____ | populations |
| Selection acts on ______ traits | existing |
| Fitness is NOT _______ | circular |
| Fitness is measured by _____ | survival |
| The leaves of carnivorous plants and regular plants are an example of | homologous traits |
| What is a feature of currently living Bacteria and Archaea but not Eukarya? | lack of a nucleus |
| What is true regarding transitional forms? | individuals or species that have a mix of ancestral characteristics and characteristics found in more derived taxa |
| What is an example of the conditions best suited for fossilization to occur? | A small mammal trapped in, and buried, in the fine mud at the edge of a pond |
| What did Earth look like 1.2 bya? | Unicellular and some multicellular life largely in the oceans |
| Homoplasy | same form, example of convergent evol. |
| Relative Dating | dating of fossils between layers of metamorphic rock, not as precise |
| Radiometric Dating | dating of isotopes (C-14) in new igneous rock, more precise |
| Order of History of Earth | Hadeon Eon, Archaen Eon, Proteozoic Eon, Edicaran and Cambrian Eons, plant transition to land, terrestrial vertebrates, first mammals, homoniods and humans |
| Hadeon Eon (4.6-3.8 bya) | HOT, no atmos, no surface, water, inhospitable, no curst but floating on magma |
| Archaen Eon (3.8-2.5bya) | cooling, oceans form, iron oxidation of ocean but no atmos. Organisms include: sulfur producers, methane producers, stromatolites, single-celled organisms in water |
| Stromatolites | fossilized microbial mats of photoautotrophs (cyanobacteria) |
| Proterozoic Eon (3.5bya-541mya) | "great oxygenation", oxygen inc in atmos, multicellular, Eukaryotes 1.6bya |
| Edicaran/Cambrian Biota (570-540bya) | burst of large multicellular life, nutrient rich waters, evolutionary innovations, some mobile organisms |
| Cambrian Explosion (525-505mya) | bilateral symmetry, diversity of animal forms |
| Which plants transitioned to land first? | lichens; small, low to ground, no soil required |
| Why could terrestrial vertebrates transition to land? | plants created oxygen-rich environment, temp dec |
| When did the first mammals appear? | 20mya |
| When did hominoids and hominins first appear? | 7-6 mya |
| When did humans first appear? | 300,000 yrs ago |
Created by:
emilykresin
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