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Genetics Module 1
Mendelian Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dominant Trait | The allele that is expressed in heterozygous genotype |
| Recessive Trait | The allele that is not expressed in a heterozygous genotype |
| Incomplete dominance | A trait when an allele is not fully dominated over another one... (white and red roses will make pink) |
| Co-dominance | When both alleles of a gene contribute to a phenotype such as a spotted cow |
| sex-linked | trait that is passed through sex cells |
| Allele | different forms of a gene |
| gemete | sex cell |
| haploid | n |
| diploid | 2n |
| Mitosis | One diploid cell produces two identical daughter diploid cells and only divides ONCE |
| Meiosis | One diploid cells produces four haploid cells that are genetically different from one another. Cells will divide TWICE |
| Prophase 1 | chromosomes are already copied -homologous chromosomes pair up forming a tetrad -a tetrad has four chromatids -as tetrads form, crossing over accures -centrioles separate -nuclear membrane breaks down |
| Metaphase 1 | -Chromosomes will meet in the middle -Law of independent assortment will allow for genetic variation |
| Anaphase 1 | -Homologous chromosomes separate and go to opposite sides -Sister Chromatids will remain together |
| Telophase 1 | cell starts to divide in two -nuclear membranes start to form again - two new cells are formed |
| Prophase 2 | -chromosomes are NOT copied again -each cell has one set of sister chromatids -nuclear membrane breaks down - centrioles separate |
| Metaphase 2 | Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell an face opposite sides |
| Anaphase 2 | -Sister chromatids have separated -One chromate of each chromosome goes to each side of the cell |
| Telophase 2 | -Both cells will split into two -Nuclear membranes will reform -Four cells will form -each cell has one set of chromosomes (haploid) |
| Meiosis is... | reductive |
| Aneuploid | Alter the number of chromosomes, Trisomy 21 and turned syndrome |
| Chromosome rearrangement | Alter the chromosome structure, Deletion, translocation, duplication and inversion |
| Polyploid | Have one or more additional sets of chromosomes, abnormal tissues (tumors) |
| Non-disjunction | The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to properly segregate |
| Monosomy | The loss of on member of the homologous pair LETHAL |
| Trisomy | One additional member of the homologous pair |
| Trisomy-13 | Patau Syndrome -extreme malformation of the organ systems >3 months |
| Trisomy-18 | Edwards syndrome -Slow growth and multiple abnormalities >2-4 months |
| Trisomy-21 | Downe Syndrome -Characteristic facial features -Wide range of cognitive development -Survival into adulthood |
| The smaller the number... | The bigger the chromosome and the bigger the effect is on growth and development |
| Barr body | Random X inactivation |
| Telomere | Stable ends of the DNA on each end of the chromatid |
| Histones | Protein that help form DNA |
| Cohesion | A protein that holds chromatids together |
| Microsporocytes | Diploid reproductive cell in the stamen of the plant undergoes meiosis to produce 4 micropores |
| Megasporocytes | Diploid cells in the female part of the plant |
| Locus | The place on a chromosome where an allele is found |
Created by:
eellis4432
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