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Resp. System
Resp.system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| unit used to measure the presence of a gas | mmHg |
| #1 cause of lung cancer | smoking |
| second common cause of lung cancer | radon |
| term which describes the movement and pathway of air | ventilation |
| inflammation of lung serous membranes | pleurisy |
| Term for throat | pharynx |
| superior surface of the lung | apex |
| same as term intra-alveolar | intrapulmonic |
| prevents food from entering the larynx | epiglottis (prevents chocking) |
| voicebox | larynx |
| cartilage that attaches to the vocal cords | arytenoid |
| smallest piece of cartilage in the pharynx that gives shape to the Glottis | cuneiform cartilage |
| creates the "negative pressure" during inhalation | diaphragm |
| windpipe | trachea |
| posterior projection of the soft palate | uvula |
| nerve innervating diaphragm | phrenic |
| Contains the most amount of bacteria in the body | pharynx |
| area within the aortic arch which senses pressure fluctuations | sinus |
| unit also used to measure pressure | torr |
| central area coordinating respiratory reflexes | medulla |
| area of trachea at the bifurcation of bronchi | carina |
| gas acting as a lung "volume expander" | nitrogen |
| property of the lungs which causes passive exhalation | elastic recoil |
| Association centers in the Medulla | Respiratory Cardiac Vasomotor |
| inflammation of alveoli due to fluid build up-clinically termed lung inflammation | pneumonia |
| fibrosis; loss of elasticity -lungs can't recoil | emphysema |
| allergic bronchial spasms which constricts the airways | asthma |
| inflammation of bronchio passage | bronchitis |
| Inflamed pleural membranes; friction rubs; membrane around lung is inflamed; severe pain when breathing; chest pain | pleurisy |
| A condition where infants don't have enough surfactant | Hyaline membrane disease |
| Clinical term for a condition that causes high blood carbon dioxide levels | Hypercapnia |
| Clinical term for a condition that causes low levels of blood oxygen | Hypoxemia |
| genetic condition causing frequent lung infections and poor growth | Cystic Fibrosis |
| bad breathing | Dyspnea |
| stop breathing after exhalation | Apnea |
| SIDS stands for | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
| chemical which reduces surface tension | Surfactant |
| lung collapse; airless lungs | Atelectasis |
| failure of system (tested by blood gases test) | Respiratory failure |
| COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| most common types of COPD | Emphysema Bronchitis Asthma (included in England) |
| most common pneumonia in AIDS patient | Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia |
| what happens to spirogram of people with emphysema | residual volume goes up |
| opposite of photosynthesis | respiration |
| medical term for fainting | syncope |
| prolonged inhalation | apneustic |
| cancer of epithelium | carcinoma |
| Where are the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas located? | pons |
| What does the inspiratory area stimulate? | inspiratory muscles; External intercostal muscles and diaphragm |
| What can prevent lung cancer and emphysema | Vitamin E (200 IU) |
| yawning is an example of… | apneustic |
| yawning is caused by brain center? | pons |
| positively charged ion | cation |
| negatively charged ion | anion |
| most CO₂ is in the form of… | H₂CO₃ (charged) |
| what governs the movement of any gas? | pressure |
| The process of carbon monoxide poisoning | hypoxia |
| should there be any heme in the plasma? | NO liver should get rid of it |
| entrance to lungs | hilus |
| what causes air to go into blood? | diffusion |
| macrophage are part of what system? | Reticulo Endothelial System (RES) |
| what is the scientific name for surfactant? | Dipalmitoyl Lecithin |
| adenoid | inflamed pharyngeal tonsils (normal) |
| tonsils are part of which system? | immune system (make T&B lymphocytes) |
| what allows the voice to change? | changing the tension on the skeletal muscle which is attached to arytenoid cartilage |
| what keeps the glottis from collapsing? | cuneiform cartilage |
| Where are the Central Brain Centers located? | Medulla Oblongata |
| The two centers within the brain stem that control respiration | inspiratory & Expiratory (Also know as Rythmicity Centers) |
| Center which causes a "prolonged inspiration"? | Apneustic |
| Center which inhibits the action of inspiration? | Pneumotaxic |
| Vascular receptors or Pressoreceptors which monitor blood pressure | Sinuses (spliting of common carotid and aortic arch) |
| Respond to acidity in the blood or levels of blood gases? | Bodies |
| Locations of Bodies (Receptors) | Aortic Arch Carotid Arteries |
| Peripheral Receptors are classified as | Pressoreceptors OR Chemoreceptors |
| A Chemoreceptor that is most sensitive and a significant control region | Fourth Ventricle |
| CSF in the Fourth Ventricle is most sensitive to? | Hydrogen and PCO2 (does not detect o2) |
| Afferent Nerves | Vagus Glossopharyngeal |
| Efferent Nerves | Phrenic(Diaphragm) Intercostals(Int/Ext muscles) |
| Fourth Ventricle/Medulla monitors? | The CSF in the 4th Ventricle |
| The brain is least sensitive to? | Fluctuations of PO2 |
| Breathing is influenced by what general parts of the brain? | Medulla Pons Cerebral Cortex |
| Part of the brain that controls voluntary breathing? | Cerebral Cortex |
| Controls emotions blood pressure temperature | Hypothalimus |
| prevents excessive inflation of the lungs | Hering-Breuer or Stretch Reflex (more common) |
| Most powerful stimulus for breathing | elevation of pCO2 |
| Term for pathophysiologic high levels of blood CO2? | hypercapnia |
| Term for low levels of O2 in the blood? | hypoxemia |
| Bifurcation into the primary bronchi that can stimulate a powerful cough reflex | Carina |
| supports the Trachea and main Bronchi | C-Shaped Rings (Cartilage) |
| Connects the C-Shaped Cartilage | Smooth muscle |
| leads to three lobes in the lungs | Right secondary Bronchi |
| What gives rise to the Bronchioles | Tertiary Bronchi |
| Has no cartilage and leads to the lobules | Bronchioles |
| General term for "little cavity" that is part of the "respiratory membrane" | alveolus |
| Is the plural form of alveolus | Alveoli |
| Leads to blind air sacs called Alveoli | Alveolar Ducts |
| Most significant skeletal muscle | Diaphragm |
| Type I alveolar epithelial cells | simple squamous |
| Type II alveolar cells that secret a surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent collapse | Dipalmitoyl Lecithin |
| Internal Intercostals contract during | Forceful Exhalation |
| During inhalation as the Thoracic cavity expands the pressure | goes down (low pressure) |
| Passive during baseline breathing and depends on elastic recoil of the lungs | Exhalation (Coughing; defecation; birth) |
| Pressure inside the lungs that range above and below atmospheric pressure | Intrapulmonic Pressure |
| A term that refers to using contraction of muscles for respiration | Active Breathing |
| Most common molecule metabolized to produce waste gas | Glucose |
| Main metabolite used for energy by the heart | Triglycerides |
| Three system-interactive functions for CO2 (Homeostasis) | 1)respiratory stimulus 2)cardiovascular reflexes 3)pH contribution |
| Four most common basses in the atmosphere with % | 1)Nitrogen 78% 2)Oxygen 20.5% 3)CO2 0.05% 4)Argon < 1% |
| A potentially radioactive gas that may cause Lung Cancer | Radon |
| "All gasses will exert their pressures independent of but relative to other gases" | Dalton's law of Partial Pressure |
| Pressure of O2 and CO2 at sea level | 155.8 & .38 |
| exchange of gases in and out of individual cells also know as metabolism | Cellular Respiration |
| exchange of gases between blood and cells | Internal Respiration |
| % of oxygen transported into the blood as oxyhemoglobin | about 98% |
| % of oxygen dissolved in the plasma as exchangeable oxygen | about 2% |
| catalyzes carbon dioxide - bicarbonate interconversion | carbonic anhydrase |
| combination of co2 and hemoglobin form which exits co2 in the blood | carbaminohemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin that is bound to carbon monoxide instead of oxygen | carboxyhemoglobin |
| molecular RBC carrier for oxygen | oxyhemoglobin |
| Carbon dioxide can be found in 3 forms | Carbaminohemoglobin 28% in the Plasma 28% as bicarbonate anion 44% |
| Hemoglobin contains three components | 1)Iron 2)Globin 3)Heme |
| Senescent Erythrocytes are degraded in the spleen and liver by | Reticuloendothelial macrophage (system or cells) |
| Two bile pigment results that must be eliminated via the urine and feces | 1)bilirubin 2)biliverdin |
| Restrictive disorders that inhibit the lungs from expanding properly | *scar tissue *reduced surfactants *fluid *Mucous build up |
| Obstructive disorders that inhibit the flow of air in the lungs | Asthma & Tumors |
| Normal - passive baseline breathing that shows the difference between normal in and normal out | Tidal Volume |
| A measure of how much the lungs can inspire after normal inspiration | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
| A measure of exhaling the lungs after a normal breath out | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
| The Liter of air left in the lungs after breathing out | Residual Volume |
| The maximum amount of breath that can go in and out the lungs | Vital Capacity |
| what happens to spirogram of people with emphysema | (RV)goes up (ERV)goes down |
| Vital Capacity added to the one liter of Residual Volume | Total Lung Capacity |
| what is the range for tidal volume (TV)? | 320-550 cc |
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) ranges from what? | around 3000 cc |
| Mononuclear phagocytes within the alveoli of the lungs that ingest inhaled particles which picks up AIDS virus but doesn’t die | Alveolar Macrophage |
| Indentation above the lips | Philtrum |
| Another name for glucose | Dextrose(D-glucose) C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + O₂ |
| What can take carbon dioxide co2 and water h2o and synthesize sugar | Plants during the day b/c it's stimulated by UV lights CO₂+ H₂O --> C₆ H₁₂O₆ + O₂ |
| when do plants make oxygen | during the day |
| when do plants destroy oxygen and make co2 and h2o (respiration) | during the nightCO₂+H₂O <-- C₆H₁₂O₆ +O₂ |
| Oxygen is needed for | 1) Energy (ATP) 2) Transform free radicals into stabilized water |
| Free radicals are the end product of | Metabolism |
| Name three things free radicals cause | cell death aging cancer |
| How do you stabilize free radicals | Metabolic water |
| what speeds up metabolism but also increases co2 and free radicals | Thyroxine (t4,t3) |
| Coenzymes that are antioxidants and speed up metabolism | Vitamins |
| Major constituent of Pulmonary surfactant | DPPC |
| Term for a measure of Hydrogen Ion Concentration | pH (Potential Hydrogen) Most important test |
| A proton that produces acidity and has no electrons | H+ |
| How do you measure acidity | pH |
| Most common plasma buffer | Bicarbonate |
| Name three places Carbonic Anhydrase reaction occurs in the body | RBC Pancreas Kidney |
| To get rid of excess alkalinity | need an acid |
| To get rid of acidity | need a base |
| formula for a buffer | base/acid |
| Increased production of H+ in the blood can cause | Metabolic Acidosis |
| A state of low pH caused by Acidosis | Acidemia |
| Proton pump inhibitor | antacid blocks acid (stabilize hydrogen) |
| disassociation | braking away of H+ from Carbonic Acid to make bicarbonate |
| check metabolic rate | measure blood gases |
| diaphragmatic surface | 7th intercostals |
| airborne microbes that can cause stomach ulcers | Helicobacter pylori |
| General need for oxygen and nutrients | Metabolic demand |
| Most potent metabolic hormone | Thyroxine (t4 |
| Waste carbon dioxide (CO2) can cause | Acidosis Increased BP Tachypnea Hypercapnia |
| Rapid breathing caused by elevated CO2 | Tachypnea |
| Most important neurotransmitter in the body | Acetylcholine |
| Must exist as in isomer and is considered an Isoenzyme | Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) |
| Carbonic Anhydrase is located | on the hemoglobin membrane |
| chemoreceptors in the central & peripheral nervous systems closely monitor | H+,CO2 and O2 levels in blood |
| changes in the frequency of impulses in the chemoreceptors effect | respiratory rate |
| when levels of CO2 & H+ increase | O2 levels drop |
| Excitation of the inspiratory area | Increases respiratory rate |
| A greater intensity of rate and depth of breathing is called | Hyperventilation |
| Increased respiratory rate removes | CO2 |
| Removing CO2 will increases | Increase pH and O2 inflow |
| When CO2 and H+ ion levels decrease the chemoreceptor impulses will | Decrease |
| When oxygen levels rise the chemoreceptor impulses will | Decrease |
| Decreased chemoreceptor impulses will inhibit what part of the brain | Inspiratory area Medulla Rhythmicity area |
| Inhibition of the Inspiratory area | Decreases respiratory rate |
| A decreased intensity of ventilation | Hypoventilation |
| Decreased respiratory rate allows | CO2 to accumulate |
| Increase of CO2 will decrease | Decrease pH and oxygen inflow |
| Vagus nerve | carries afferent and efferent cardiovascular impulses, but only afferent respiratory impulses |
| where are the alveoli located | inside the lobules |
| what percent of surfactant is lipid | 90% |
| what is a major constituent of surfactant (over 50% of the lipid makeup) | dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) |
| cohesive properties of the surface of a lipid | surface tension |
| surfactants | wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid |
| the upper respiratory tract includes | the external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures |
| lower respiratory tract refers to the | larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
| inflammation of the mucous membrane of any sinus | sinusitis |
| inflammation of the mucousal epithelium of the vocal folds | laryngitis |
| during swallowing what happens | the soft palate goes up, and the epiglottis goes down to cover the trachea |
| why do men have lower voices | the have longer vocal cords |
| what traps debris in the air | pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining of the larynx produces mucous, the cilian move the mucus and debris into the pharynx |
| where are accidentally swallowed objects most likely to end up | right main bronchus (larger in diameter, more inline with trachea) |
| how many reactions occur inside a cell | 87,000 |
| what reaction releases the most CO₂ | Kreb's cycle |
| can carbonic acid be measured | no |
| what is the range for pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| elevated CO₂ does what | increases acidity, and lowers pH |
| where is carbonic anhydrase located in RBC | membrane bound |
| what is the #1 buffer in entire body | hemoglobin! |
| what roles do hemoglobin play | transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, & acts as a buffer |
| When is N₂ toxic | when compressed |
| can we use N₂ | no, we use N |
| what does nitrogen make | amino acids (which make protein) |
| what does acidic pH suppress | CNS |
| what are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity | warm the air, humidify the air, filter the air |
| what does the respiratory membrane include | alveoli and contiguous capillaries |
| what happens as you go down the trachea | ratio of smooth muscle goes up and cartilagenous tissue goes down |
| "visceral" | on the organ |
| what 3 actions increase pressure in the lungs | coughing, giving birth, defecating |
| how many lobes do the lungs have total | 5 |
| where is the pleural cavity | "potential space" between visceral pleura and parietal pleura |
| what is the intrapulmonic pressure | (intra-alveolar) 760 mmHg |
| what is the intrapleural pressure | (intrathoracic) normally negative (758-752 mmHg) |
| What are the two areas in the cerebral cortex that are associated with voluntary breathing | hypothalamus and cerebellum |
| which blood parameters stimulate respiration | elevated pCO₂, lowered pH, lowered pO₂ |
| what are vocal cords composed of | ligaments |
| what are the only sterile area of the respiratory system and why | alveoli, the macrophage eat bacteria |
| what has to happen to gases before they can diffuse | they must dissolve in water (humidified) |
| what is the mmHg of all the relevant gases in atmospheric air | oxygen=158, carbon dioxide=0.3, |
| how much oxygen can water hold | no more than 3% |
| are CO₂ and O₂ competitive gases | no |
| what is the purpose of the chloride shift | to maintain IONIC balance |
| Iron deficiency where oxygen is not being transferred properly | anemia |
| same as the term intrathoracic | intrapleural |
| same as the term intrathoracic | intrapleural |
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bilena22
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