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Plant vocab 1
Diversity, anatomy and morphology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bryophyte | informal group name for mosses, worts, very small plants Non-vascular: no roots or vascular tissue. absorb water and nutrients from air through their leaves Reproduce by spores in air closest living relatives to the very first terrestrial plants |
| Pteridophyte | informal group name for ferns and other seedless, vascular plants vascular: roots and vascular tissue. absorb water and nutrients through their roots, can also use leaves Reproduce by spores in air first to evolve roots and colonize more dry places |
| Gymnosperm | informal group name for conifers, cycads, gynkophyta Naked Seeds: Seeds without fruit/flower absorb water and nutrients through their roots, leaves, and vascular tissue Reproduce with ovary and sperm in seeds first to evolve seeds |
| angiosperm | informal group name for flowering/fruit plants Seeds covered with fruit/flower absorb water and nutrients through their roots, leaves, and vascular tissue Reproduce with ovary and sperm in seeds first to evolve fruits and flowers most advanced |
| organ | When different types of tissues work together to perform a unique function, they form an organ The three organs of vascular plants, roots, stems and leaves Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system, and a root system |
| Tissue | tissue systems made of various cell types that carry out specific functions. Plant tissue systems fall into one of two general types: meristematic tissue and permanent (or non-meristematic) tissue. three main types: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. |
| Cell | the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. |
| Plasmodesmata | cytoplasmic communication channels that are vital for the physiology and development of all plants. They facilitate the movement of various cargos – ranging from small molecules, such as sugars, and ions to large complex molecules, such as proteins and R |
| Ground tissue | serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue, and helps to store water and sugars. |
| vascular tissue | transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant. |
| Dermal tissue | covers and protects the plant |
| stem | A stem is a structural axis that supports the flowers, fruits and leaves of a plant. They are often specialised for protection, support, photosynthesis and asexual reproduction |
| Leaf | shoot structures that attach to stems and branches at nodes. Leaves are made up of cells that usually contain a high concentration of chloroplasts (cell organelles unique to plants) and are specialized sites for photosynthesis. |
| roots | Roots absorb water and minerals and transport them to stems. They also anchor and support a plant, and store food. Most vascular plants have two types of roots: primary roots that grow downward and secondary roots that branch out to the side. |
| bud | Small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a vascular plant that may develop into a flower, leaf, or shoot. |
| Axillary bud | Bud borne in the axil of a stem. |
| shoot | A shoot is made up of a central axis called the stem, and components that grow from specific places on that stem. |
| petiole | A petiole is a structure of a plant that connects the stem of the plant to the blade of the leaf |
| Node | the location on a stem to which a leaf or branch is attachedA node is an area on a stem where buds are located. It is a site of great cellular activity and growth |
| internode | a portion of a plant stem between nodes |
| flower | The flower is the reproductive structure of higher plants, the place where seeds, which will produce the next generation of the plant, are produced. |
| Fruit | A fruit is the swollen ovary of the flower, the last step in the process of sexual reproduction of flowering plants |
| seed | seed is an undeveloped plant embryo and food reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering |
| Meristem | Meristematic tissue cells are either undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated, and they continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant. In contrast, permanent tissue consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing. |
| Apical meristems | meristematic tissue located at the tips of stems and roots, which enable a plant to extend in length |
| Lateral meristems | facilitate growth in thickness or girth in a maturing plant. |
| Epidermis | a tissue system that protects it from water loss, damage, and disease. |
| phloem | Phloem is the complex tissue, which acts as a transport system for soluble organic compounds within vascular plants |
| xylem | transport tissue within vascular plants, xylem is responsible for the transport of water from the roots to the leaves and shoots. |
| pith | What is the function of a pith? The innermost region of the plant stem consists of a spongy tissue called pith, which is composed of parenchyma cells. The main function of the pith is to store essential nutrients like water and sugars. |
| cortex | tissue of unspecialized cells lying between the epidermis (surface cells) and the vascular, or conducting, tissues of stems and roots. |
| parenchyma | cells with a thin primary cell wall in young plant organs. The basic functions of parenchyma are photosynthesis and storage. They are also important in regeneration because they are totipotent (capable of differentiating into any cell type) |
| collenchyma | is living supportive tissue that has elongated cells and an unevenly thickened primary cell wall. Its main function is the mechanical support of young stems and leaves via turgor. |
| Sclerenchyma | a dead supportive tissue that consists of long sclerenchyma fibers or (sclereids). Its main function is a support of older plant organs, and also hardening different parts of plants |
| Fibers | A material which is composed of thin and continuous strands is known as fibre. Plant fibres are elongated most commonly sclerenchyma supportive plant cells with thick cellulose walls with a well-organised structure. |
| Sclereid | a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue sclereids form many hard structures such as seed coats and nut shells |
| Tracheid | A tubular cell in the xylem of vascular plants whose primary function is to conduct water and mineral salts, provide structural support, and prevent air embolism in vascular plants |
| vessel element | A type of cell occurring within the xylem of flowering plants, many of which, end to end, form water-conducting vessels. |
| pit | A cavity in the secondary cell wall, allowing exchange of substances between adjacent cells. A pit consists of a pit cavity (the aperture in the secondary wall) and a pit membrane (the primary wall material adjacent to the cavity) |
| Cellulose | The major component in the rigid cell walls in plants Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide polymer with many glucose monosaccharide units. |
| Lignin | the encrusting material in which the cellulose microfibrils are embedded. the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet, serves land-plants as bonding agent in juvenile cell tissues and as stiffening (modulus-building) agent in mature cell walls. |
| Sieve tubes | The functional units for long distance translocation and signal distribution. Sieve tubes consist of sieve elements which are elongated cells, connected to each other via sieve plates to form a tube system that spreads out through the entire plant. |
| companion cell | A type of cell found within the phloem of flowering plants. Each companion cellis usually closely associated with a sieve element. Its function is uncertain, though it appears to regulate the activity of the adjacent sieve element |
| spongy mesophyll | a complex, porous tissue found in plant leaves that enables carbon capture and provides mechanical stability. |
| Mesophyll | refers to the middle layer of cells found in leaves |
| palisade mesophyll | area of high photosynthesis |
| Stomata | tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange. |
| Guard cells | pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores |
| Plastids | the main sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. 2 types depending on their membrane structure Primary plastids are found in most algae and plants, and secondary, more-complex plastids are typically found in plankton |
| chloroplast | Chloroplasts are one of several different types of plastids, plant cell organelles that are involved in energy storage and the synthesis of metabolic materials. |
| stroma | the fluid-filled internal space of the chloroplasts which encircle the grana and the thylakoids. It contains chloroplast DNA, starch and ribosomes along with enzymes needed for the Calvin cycle. |
| Granum | the stack of thylakoids within the chloroplast of plant cells. The granum contains the light harvesting system composed of chlorophyll and phospholipids. |
| Thylakoid | an assortment of large protein complexes that work together to harness the energy of light. |
| primary growth | the increase in length of the primary plant body. Primary growth occurs at the apical meristem (a meristem located at the tip of a stem). Most primary growth occurs at the apices, or tips, of stems and roots |
| Secondary growth | an increase in thickness or girth of the plant body due to activity of lateral meristems. Lateral meristems are located laterally around the stem (not at the tips like apical meristems). Secondary growth in plants produces secondary phloem and xylem |
Created by:
Virajasaur
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