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AP Bio. Sem. 2
Unit 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four types of macromolecules in all organisms? | lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| What are the individual subunits that make up carbohydrates and proteins called? | monomers |
| What do monomers form when they come together? | polymers |
| Describe a catabolic reaction | larger molecules are divided into smaller molecules |
| Are catabolic exergonic or endergonic? | exergonic - they release energy |
| Describe an anabolic reaction | two or more smaller molecules joining together to make a larger molecule |
| Are anabolic reactions exergonic or endergonic? | endergonic - they absorb energy |
| What type of macromolecules is the primary source of energy for organisms? | carbohydrates |
| What are chains of carbohydrates composed of? | monosaccharides |
| What is the base unit of monosaccharides? | CH20 - in multiples from 3 to 7 |
| What two things do hydrogen atoms bond to in monosaccharides? | oxygen or carbon |
| In what three ways do monosaccharides differ from each other? | length of carbon backbone, placement of the carbonyl group, and symmetry of the hydroxyl groups |
| What do monosaccharides form when they bond together? | polysaccharides |
| What are three of the most prominent polysaccharides? | cellulose, starch, and glycogen |
| What is the primary component of plant cell walls? | cellulose |
| How do glucose molecules bond in cellulose to make cellulose indigestible to most? | bond so that alternating molecules are facing the opposite direction |
| What is the purpose of starch? | stores energy |
| How are the glucose molecules bonded to create starch? | all align in the same direction |
| What is the purpose of glycogen? | energy-storing carbohydrate in animals |
| How are glucose molecules bonded/aligned to produce glycogen? | in same direction but branching pattern |
| What are lipids made up of? | long fatty acid chains made of carbon and hydrogen |
| What stores large amounts of chemical energy in lipids? | carbon and hydrogen bonds |
| What are fats composed of? | three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecules |
| How are fats differentiated by? | length of the fatty acid chain and whether the fatty acid chain is saturated or unsaturated |
| What is a steroid composed of? | four fused rings of carbon |
| What are the two main functions of cholesterol? | precursor to the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone, and it helps maintain the stability of the cell membrane when temperature changes |
| What are proteins made up of? | amino acid monomers |
| What are the names of the three amino acid parts? | amino group, carboxyl group, and a variable r-group connected to a central carbon |
| How many amino acids are there? | 20 |
| What type of bond are proteins made by? | peptide bonds |
| Where does the peptide bond occur? | carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a neighboring amino acid |
| What are protein functions determined by? | shape and chemical properties |
| you got this | yep :) |
Created by:
Lilly_Floyd
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