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The Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are some of the reasons for cells being so small? | Diffusion becomes slow and inefficient over larger distances, limit to how quickly DNA is copied and protein is made, and surface area to volume ratio |
| Chromosomes | Carries genetic material, made of DNA and protein |
| Chromatin | "unwound" DNA and protein, used when the cell is not dividing |
| Single stranded chromosome | before DNA has replicated |
| Sister chromatids | two identical single stranded chromosomes |
| Double stranded chromosome | after synthesis/DNA replication |
| Centromere | point of attachment of two sister chromatids, "belly button" of a chromosome |
| Homologous | Identical |
| Diploid cells | all cells in the body except for sperm and egg, has the complete set of chromosomes |
| Haploid cells | sperm and egg cells, has one chromosome |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 |
| The cell cycle | a sequence of growth and division of a cell. This is necessary because cells die, become injured and organisms get larger |
| Interphase | growth and prep for mitosis |
| Mitosis | division of the cell’s nucleus |
| Cytokinesis | division of the cell's cytoplasm |
| G1 | cell enlarges and organelles double, part of interphase |
| S | DNA synthesis, part of interphase |
| G2 | continued cell growth |
| G0 | when the cell is not dividing, or is done dividing |
| Prophase | chromatin coils and forms visible chromosomes, centrioles start to migrate to the poles, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrate, and spindle (system of microtubules) begins to form |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate (center of the nucleus) and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres of each chromosome and to the centrioles at each pole |
| Anaphase | centromeres split, double stranded chromosomes are torn apart towards poles, and each single stranded chromosome is now separate |
| Telophase | chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, nucleolus and nuclear membrane reassemble, spindle fibers disassemble, and cytokinesis will now begin |
| Cytokinesis in plant cells | cell plate forms at equator, helped by the golgi, cell wall separates the two cells |
| Cytokinesis in animal cells | plasma membrane pinches along the equator (middle) |
| Result of the cell cycle | Two new cells with identical sets of chromosomes |
| Regulatory Proteins | a signal that tells the cell when it is time to divide. The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside & outside the cell. |
| Internal regulatory proteins | these proteins are checkpoints allowing cell cycle to keep going only if certain events have taken place. (ex: no mitosis until chromosomes have duplicated.) |
| External regulatory proteins | direct cell to speed up/slow down cell cycle. (ex: break a bone/injury). Also very important during embryonic development/growth |
| Cyclins | regulate timing of the cell cycle. (ex: when cells should divide.) |
| Apoptosis | programed cell death, key role in tissue/organ development |
| Contact Inhibition | type of cell to cell communication where cells stop dividing when they touch each other |
| TP53 Gene | Found in chromosome 17, a tumor suppressor, when damaged, it can cause cancer |
| What are some cancers associated with the TP53 gene? | bladder, some brain, liver, lung, some breast |
| Cancer | uncontrolled cell growth |
| Benign Cancer | not spread to healthy tissue |
| Malignant | invade and destroy healthy tissue. Absorb nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve connections, prevent some organs from functioning. |
| Stem Cells | Cells so early in development, they have little to no "job", they renew/make more of themselves, and are organ/tissue specific |
| Adult Stem Cells | tissue specific, multipotent, acts as internal repair system, can only make the type of cells from where they reside |
| Embryonic Stem Cells | pluripotent, come from blastocysts left over in vitro fertilization clinics, can become any cell |
| Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) | stem cells created by "turning back" adult stem cells, it reduces transplant rejection and can grow organs, |
| Asexual Reproduction | Quick, no need to find a mate, one parent, no joining of gametes, lacks genetic diversity, survives in stable environments |
| Budding | type of asexual reproduction where the offspring grows off of the parent |
| Fragmentation | type of asexual reproduction that the parent is split and offspring is produced |
| Vegetative Reproduction | type of asexual reproduction where a new plant grows off of the parent plant |
| Sexual Reproduction | two parents, joining of gametes, genetic diversity, |
| Gametes | sperm and egg |
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26fcasale82
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