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Livestock Judging
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which Medium Wool breed was developed in the United States? | Montadale |
| Proteins produced by an animal's immune system in response to invasion by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are: | antibodies |
| Which information is NOT typically required for the registration of individual hogs? | Number of teats |
| Bacterial disease that affects both sheep and goats when the animal has a wound. Symptoms include stiffness, rigid jaw, and inability to eat. | Tetanus |
| Which of the following breeds of cattle is NOT primarily white to gray in color? | Limousin |
| A swine nutritional health problem caused by lack of iron in the diet. | Anemia |
| A breed of cattle that originated in Scotland that has a smooth hair coat, black in color, polled, and is one of the most popular breeds in the United States today: | Angus |
| The leg and loin of a lamb are the primary wholesale meat cuts that come from the: | hindsaddle |
| Which country accounts for the highest percent of the world cattle population? | India |
| Meat provides about what percent of the animal protein consumed in the world? | 0.35 |
| The process of taking food nutrients through the intestinal wall is: | absorption |
| Which cattle problem is associated with nutritional health? | Bloat |
| Which breed of medium wool sheep has the characteristics of white ears, face, nose, and legs? | Dorset |
| Which trait for swine has the lowest heritability estimate? | Litter size |
| The ____________ breed of swine can be traced to the early 1700's? | Berkshire |
| Beef cattle categorized as American breeds have what breed as a genetic base? | Brahman |
| The breed of cattle that was developed on the King Ranch in Texas and consists of 3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Shorthorn is called: | Santa Gertrudis |
| . The first American breed of beef cattle was the: | Texas Longhorn |
| One common characteristic between Yorkshire, Landrace, and Chester Whites is: | color |
| Sheep are a major enterprise in the _________ area of the United States | western |
| Which trait has the highest heritability estimate in cattle? | post weaning rate of gain |
| Ruminant animals can synthesize ________ of the 22 required amino acids. | 22 |
| The most popular breed of registered medium wool sheep in the United States is the: | Hampshire |
| The Pietrain breed of swine originated in | Belgium |
| The breeds of cattle with origin in Europe such as Charolais, Simmental, and Limousin are usually referred to as: | Continental breeds |
| Lambs are commonly weaned at about ________________ months of age | three |
| According to USDA, the greatest expense in the production of livestock is: | feed purchased |
| Feed additives in swine rations that control internal parasites are: | anthelmintics |
| What feedstuff contributes most of the carbohydrates in swine rations? | corn |
| Which breed of beef cattle has been the leader on total number registered since 1970? | Angus |
| Fat present in muscle tissue is known as: | marbling |
| A complex protein produced by living cells that causes changes in other substances in the body without being changed itself and without becoming a part of the product is a(n): | enzyme |
| Which breed of cattle descended from Spanish Andalusian cattle brought over by Columbus on his second voyage? | Texas Longhorn |
| A nutritional problem characterized by a swollen abdomen on the left side, labored breathing, profuse salivation, groaning, lack of appetite, and stiffness. | bloat |
| vAmino acids are the building blocks of: | protein |
| A _______________ animal is one that is of a particular breed. | purebred |
| Which state has greatest feedlot beef cattle production? | Nebraska |
| The use of living organisms or their products (livestock production) is also known as: | biotechnology |
| Estrus in cattle usually occurs every: | 21 days |
| A disease that affects cattle and sheep with symptoms of lameness, followed by depression and fever, followed by swelling in the muscles of the hip, shoulder, chest. Back, and neck, with sudden death within 3 days of the onset of the symptoms is: | blackleg |
| The length of the estrous cycle for a ewe is: | 17 days |
| Which Medium Wool breed of sheep has a white face? | Dorset |
| One common characteristic between Hampshire, Yorkshire, and Berkshire swine is: | erect ears |
| Which common breed of swine was imported to the United States from Denmark? | Landrace |
| Baby pigs require temperatures of ______________ degrees F. | 80-90 |
| The most serious health problem of sheep and goats is: | Internal parasites |
| Solid floors in hog houses are usually made of ___________. | concrete |
| Helminths are of major economic importance to the livestock industry in regard to the management of: | internal parasites |
| The first breed of beef cattle imported to the United States in the late 1700's was the: | Shorthorn |
| Which of the following breeds of cattle did not originate in Italy? | Maine Anjou |
| Archaeological evidence from the Middle East indicates domestication of the pig occurred as early as __________ years ago. | 9000 |
| The genetic makeup of an animal is called its: | genotype |
| Which breed of goat produces mohair? | Angora |
| Animals that through selection and breeding have come to resemble one another and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring are defined as: | a breed |
| The largest compartment of the ruminant stomach for a mature grazing cow is called the: | rumen |
| Feed additives used to control worms and other internal parasites are: | Anthelmintics |
| Archeology has found evidence that sheep have been domesticated for _________ years. | 6000 |
| Fats and oils provide _________ times more energy than do carbohydrates, | 2.25 |
| Which major swine breed originated in England, with the major development of the breed occurring in Kentucky? Originally known as the Thin Rind. | Hampshire |
| Which breed of sheep has the strongest flocking instinct? | Rambouillet |
| An animal's central nervous system includes the brain and: | spinal cord |
| Which part of the ruminant stomach is recognized as the true stomach? | Abomasum |
| What is a free-roaming "wild" animal that was once domesticated called? | feral |
| Yearlings are feeder calves between one and two years old weighing about ____________ pounds. | 550-700 |
| Heifers most commonly reach puberty at the average age of: | 7 months |
| The breed of swine which is white in color with erect ears and used extensively in commercial operations for the maternal characteristics is the: | Yorkshire |
| Which vitamin do animals tend to produce enough of so that it does not need to be included as a specific nutrient in their rations? | Vitamin C |
| Which of the following breeds of swine is best on performance of litter size? | Landrace |
| Which breed of swine is considered the oldest? | Berkshire |
| Which species of livestock reaches puberty based on the season and not age? | Goats |
| What do Hampshires, Polands, and Berkshires have in common? | color |
| Which of the following vitamins is in the category of water-soluble? | Vitamin B |
| Cattle that are generally between six months and one year old and are sold to people | feeder cattle |
| vA method of animal identification that uses very low temperature to change pigment color of the skin is: | freeze brand |
| Which of the following countries produces the most sheep? | Australia |
| When evaluating swine performance data, litter weights are adjusted to a standard of how many days? | 21 days |
| Which breed of sheep was developed at North Carolina State University? | Polled Dorset |
| Diseases caused by a virus or bacteria are classed as: | pathogenic |
| Cholera is a __________ disease. | viral |
| ____________ is a disease that affects the tissue of the foot in sheep | Foot Rot |
| Newborn animals receive immunity to diseases by drinking: | colostrum |
| The period of time which an animal is pregnant is called: | Gestation |
| Range production accounts for __________ percent of the total sheep production in the United States. | 70 |
| The average age of puberty in sheep is: | 6 months |
| The average daily gain for growing cattle on full feed. | 3 lb/day |
| A male sheep castrated before reaching sexual maturity is called a: | wether |
| The majority of composite breeds of cattle in the United States use what breed as a foundation? | Brahman |
| The most important factor when formulating a ration for livestock is: | total digestive nutrients |
| A cattle producer that produces breeding stock including bulls and females for cow-calf operations is commonly called a: | seedstock/purebred breeder |
| vWhat is the only breed of sheep raised for fur in the United States? | Karakul |
| The expected yield of a hog with an USDA quality grade of No. 2 is: | 57.4 to 60.3% |
| Which production trait in swine is not increased when crossing with a purebred sow? | Conception rate |
| Which agency regulates the use of feed additives in the United States? | United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) |
| Sheep and cattle both have multiple-compartment stomachs referred to as a(n) | ruminant |
| A single stomach animal can synthesize ________ of the 22 required amino acids. | 12 |
| What breed of hair sheep originated in Texas? | Barbado |
| The major objection of boar meat is the odor of the meat called boar taint. One compound causing boar taint is: | Skatole |
| Fine Wool breeds of sheep include all of the following EXCEPT: | Corriedale |
| The sudden death of heavily muscled hogs is referred to as: | Porcine Stress Syndrome |
| What hormone is produced primarily by the ovaries in female animals? | estrogen |
| Organic compounds, which are the building blocks in the formation of proteins, are: | amino acids |
| The weight of a hot beef carcass compared to the live weight of the animal is referred to as: | yield |
| Which of the following traits is considered undesirable when judging market lambs? | early maturing |
| When evaluating sheep, the term that refers to ruggedness and stamina is: | constitution |
| Pinkeye is a disease in cattle that is carried by _____________. | insects |
| Feedstuffs such as hay and silage are classified as: | roughages |
| Beef cattle or sheep born without horns are commonly referred to as: | polled |
| Which trait in beef cattle has the highest heritability estimate? | Rib eye area |
| Which of the following minerals is a trace mineral? | selenium |
| The process of preparing calves for the stress of being moved into the feedlot is called: | preconditioning |
| Administering an medicinal agent to livestock that requires placement directly into a vein is called: | intravenous |
| Feed additives used to prevent disease and promote growth are: | antibiotics |
| When animals band together in a herd or flock, the behavior is known as: | gregarious |
| Nutrients, which an animal can synthesize for growth and maintenance, are in a category called: | non-essential nutrients |
| A chronic degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system of cattle (also called "Mad Cow Disease") | Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
| The removal of the testicles from a male animal is: | castration |
| Which breed of swine does not have a predominant red color? | Poland China |
| Swine are in a class of animals that consume both plants and meat known as: | omnivores |
| More than one-half of all the crossbred sheep in the United States carry some percentage of the particular breed. | Rambouillet |
| The most important wholesale cut of lamb is: | leg |
| The growth and development of animals prior to birth. | prenatal |
| What breed of sheep that has a distinctive white face originated in Scotland? | Cheviot |
| The reflex and response that an animal has at birth is: | instinct |
| A nutritional problem in cattle characterized by swelling of the tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot and lameness of the animal. | founder |
| Which state produces the most hogs? | Iowa |
| The age at which an animal reaches sexual maturity is: | puberty |
| Administering a medical agent to livestock that requires placement into the skin is a(n) _________ injection. | intradermal |
| An impairment that affects the performance of the vital life functions. | disease |
| A visual evaluation of the amount of muscle on a hog is best seen by looking at the ____________ view | rear |
| Accelerated lambing is a system that produces ___________________ lamb crops in two years. | Three |
| Subcutaneous injections are given: | under the skin |
| Many of the odor problems from confinement operations are related to the release of ___________ from manure. | ammonia |
| Which state has the greatest total number of beef cattle? | Texas |
| Milk fever is a nutritional disease affecting both sheep and goats during lactation due to a lack of _______ in the blood. | calcium |
| The age of the beef animal and the amount of marbling in the carcass affect the | quality grade |
| The mating of animals of different family lines within the same breed is: | outcrossing |
| What trait of a hog refers to its ability to raise large litters of pigs? | maternal quality |
| . In 1985, a one dollar per head checkoff for every head of beef sold in the United | Beef Promotion and Research Act |
| Which of the following breeds of cattle was originally red in color? | Gelbvieh |
| What breed of cattle used in the United States came from Australia? | Murray Grey |
| Which breed of beef cattle imported from France was originally used as draft animals? | Maine-Anjou |
| What is the most important nutrient in a swine ration? | water |
| How well an animal likes or accepts a feed is referred to as the: | palatability |
| What area of livestock production is the major issue of animal rights organizations? | confinement |
| The class of sheep that are evaluated more on the quality of their fleece than other sheep are known as: | Fine-wool breeds |
| In swine, a male that has been castrated before reaching sexual maturity is called a: | barrow |
| Most swine purebred associations require several items of information for the registration of individual hogs. Which information is NOT required? | Weaning Weight |
| Which of the following is NOT required on a feed tag? | price per CWT |
| Which breed of swine developed in the United States originated in the state of New York / New Jersey? | Duroc |
| Joints in the skeleton of animals that allow free movement and have a fluid-filled cavity are called: | diarthroses joints |
| Angus and Hereford cattle originated from the species: | Bos taurus |
| The length of gestation for swine is an average of how many days? | 114 days |
| Which fat-soluble vitamin is associated with bone development and calcium absorption? | Vitamin D |
| The testes produce sperm cells and the male sex hormone: | testosterone |
| The most common sheep identification system is: | ear tags |
| Tetanus is a __________ disease. | bacterial |
| Which amino acid listed is first limiting in swine rations? | lysine |
| Two factors that have a major influence on profitability in swine production are: | Number of pigs weaned per sow; feed efficiency |
| . An essential or non-essential element or compound in a food or feed is a(n): | nutrient |
| The amount of fat cover on a market steer is referred to as: | finish |
| Which breed of white colored swine originated in Pennsylvania? | Chester White |
| Diseases present in the animal's body at levels too low to cause visible effects are: | subclinical |
| A market where cattle are sold by public bidding, with the animals going to the highest bidder is known as a(n): | auction market |
| The ability to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction. | fertility |
| Which species of livestock has a diploid number of 27 (pairs of chromosomes)? | Sheep |
| Which of the following countries has the greatest number of hogs? | China |
| The expected yield of a hog with a USDA quality grade of No. 1 is: | 60.4% or greater |
| Which protein concentrate is limited to use by ruminants? | urea |
| When using ultrasound to evaluate breeding swine, the two measurements taken are backfat thickness and: | loin-eye area |
| Which species of livestock is most efficient into converting feed into energy and protein? | swine |
| The amount of ammoniacal nitrogen in a feed multiplied by 6.25 is the ____________ content of a feed. | crude protein |
| The degree to which the crossbred offspring out performs its purebred parents is: | hybrid vigor |
| Anthrax is a disease caused by bacteria that may remain in the soil for ______ years or longer. | 40 |
| What is a common disqualification in rules for registering animals in a breed association? | color markings |
| Fistulated cattle are use primarily for ______________ studies and research. | nutrition |
| A permanent change in the genotype of an offspring from that of its parents. | mutation |
| Brisket disease affects the ______ in cattle? | heart |
| Which polled breed of cattle originated from horned cattle due to a genetic mutation? | Polled Hereford |
| What is an animal resulting from the mating of two different breeds? | crossbred |
| The most prevalent breed of sheep in the world is the: | Merino |
| The secretion and production of milk in sheep, cattle and swine is known as: | lactation |
| . _______is a measure of the degree of difference between the offspring of a specific bull and the offspring of the average bull of the breed in the trait being measured. | EPD |
| What is an infertile female calf born as a twin to a fertile male calf called? | Freemartin |
| The normal body temperature of cattle is: | 101.5 oF |
| A medication sprayed directly into the animal's nostrils is called a __________ injection. | intranasal |
| Swine dysentery is also known as: | Bloody scours |
| A disease carried by insects that affect the eyes of cattle is: | pinkeye |
| Which trait in sheep has the lowest heritability estimate? | feed efficiency |
| The feed component containing the most easily digested carbohydrates is the: | nitrogen free extract |
| Which of the following feeds is highest in total digestible nutrients (TDN)? | corn |
| Medications used to produce immunity in livestock that are derived from plasma and fibrinogen removed from blood are: | serums |
| Breeds of cattle that are used for both milk and meat production are considered to be: | dual-purpose breeds |
| Which exotic breed of cattle originated from Italy? | Chianina |
| In comparing breed performance for litter size in swine, which breed has the highest litter size ratio? | Landrace |
| The Pork Promotion, Research and Consumer Information Act of 1985 established an assessment of ____ per $100 value of pork sold in the United States | 40 cents |
| Goat meat is marketed under the name: | Chevon |
| Disease caused by an organism that mainly affects the lungs. | tuberculosis |
| Cotswold sheep are classified as: | Long Wool |
| The tube that carries air to an animal's lungs. | trachea |
| What is the average normal temperature of healthy swine in degrees Fahrenheit? | 102.6 |
| Vitamins that are stored in the body and need not be consumed everyday are: | fat soluble |
| The swine trait having the highest heritability estimate is: | carcass length |
| The average length of gestation for goats is: | 150 days |
| A condition caused by a lack of sugar in the diet: | Hypoglycemia |
| The natural waviness of wool fiber is called: | Crimp |
| __________ are growths on the skin of cattle caused by a virus. | Warts |
| A system that is used for trading contracts for future delivery of cattle is known as: | futures market |
| The breed of sheep noted for producing a 200 to 250 percent lamb crop: | Finnsheep |
| The process of placing sperm in the female reproductive tract by some other means than natural mating is known as: | artificial insemination |
| Cattle have how many pairs of chromosomes? | 30 |
| Cattle can generally lose from 1 to 5 percent of their weight when transported. The | shrinkage |
| The physical appearance of an animal is known as: | phenotype |
| A method of animal identification that is a puncture in the skin of numbers or letters is known as: | tattoo |
| The recommended protein percent of a grower ration for swine from weaning to 75 pounds is: | 0.16 |
| Modern domestic cattle evolved from what single early ancestor? | Aurochs |
| EPD stands for: | expected progeny difference |
| Which of the following is water-soluble vitamin? | pantothenic acid |
| The first milk produced by a cow after giving birth is known as: | colostrum |
| Which hormone is responsible for the masculine appearance in animals? | Testosterone |
| Feed that is provided to young animals as an extra ration and is fed in an area that is inaccessible to the mothers is called a: | creep feed |
| During cold weather, cattle feed should be increased by what percent for each degree of cold stress? | 0.01 |
| The total protein contained in a feed is ________ protein. | crude |
| The critical stage of production in livestock when giving birth to their offspring is: | parturition |
| Which of the following wholesale cuts of beef has the highest value? | rib |
| The average feed conversion ratio for beef cattle on full feed is: | 6:1-7:1 |
| Rations formulated to keep an animal at its current weight and size is a _________ ration. | maintenance |
| __________________ is the practice of feeding a ration for ten days to two weeks before breeding | Flushing |
| The normal body temperature of sheep and swine is: | Above 102 o F |
| An objectionable inherited defect in swine known as a whorl is actually a(n) : | hair disturbance |
| Which feed uses fermentation in order to increase palatability? | silage |
| Feed efficiency can be increased by _____________ grain because less is wasted | pelleting |
| Morphological defects in livestock are caused by: | accidents |
| . Cattle infected with this disease often abort during the last half of pregnancy | Brucellosis |
| The state having the highest population of sheep and lambs is: | Texas |
| About _______ percent of total income from all livestock marketing in the United States comes from the beef industry? | 38 |
| Limousin, Charolais, and Maine-Anjou cattle are important breeds used in U.S. beef production that all originated from: | France |
| Beef Quality Assurance protocol suggests the proper intramuscular injection site for cattle is the: | Neck |
| An animal that has extremely straight hind legs is best described as being: | post-legged |
| The record of the ancestors of a particular animal is recorded in its: | pedigree |
| The first of the Continental breeds to be imported in the United States: | Charolais |
| Which breed of cattle is most popular in Europe? | Simmental |
| The most common classification of sheep is by: | Type of wool |
| Which animals cannot synthesize all of the required amino acids? | swine |
| The most common parasites affecting beef cattle are: | flies |
| The use of liquid nitrogen for storage of semen and embryos | cryopreservation |
| Swine are typically identified for registration by the use of: | Ear Notches |
| The biggest problem of raising sheep is the loss caused by: | internal parasites |
| Which is the fast growing, meat-type goat with a brown head and white body and originally from South Africa? | Boer |
| Which disease affects the turbinate bones in swine? | Atropic Rhinitis |
| The estrous cycle in swine occurs: | every 21 days |
| The removal of all or part of the tail from sheep is referred to as: | docking |
| Which of the following medium wool breeds of sheep are solid white in color? | Dorset |
| Name the breed of cattle which the United States Congress appropriated money in 1927 because they were almost extinct. | Texas Longhorn |
| Calves younger than 3 months of age sold for slaughter are: | veal |
| External fat on a lamb carcass is measured between which two ribs? | 12 & 13 |
| A maintenance ration for beef cattle is primarily: | Roughages |
| The male bovine of any age that has not been castrated. | Bull |
| The gestation time for cattle is: | 283 days |
| Lamb prices vary throughout the year and reach a high during which time? | March to May |
| A selective form of breeding in which the sire and dam are related which some refer to as a mild form of inbreeding is called: | linebreeding |
| What month of the year is the price of slaughter hogs the highest on average? | July |
| Approximately what percent of the market hogs sold in the United States are priced on the basis of carcass merit? | 70% |
| Vitamins that are not stored in the body and need to be consumed everyday are: | water soluble vitamins |
| Suffolk sheep ancestry goes back to what breed of sheep? | Southdown |
| The rate or percentage of animals becoming pregnant. | conception rate |
| Scrapie is a disease of both sheep and goats that affects the: | brain |
| Which of the following minerals is categorized as a macro mineral? | Calcium |
| The majority of medium wool breeds of sheep originated in: | England |
| In a swine carcass, the loin is about ________ percent of the total carcass. | 0.2 |
| Which livestock product has the highest consumption rate in the United States? | Beef |
| Which of the following elements is not a component of a carbohydrate? | Nitrogen |
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