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Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absorption | the process by which water and dissolved solids, liquids, and gases are taken in by the cell through the cell membrane |
| accessory organ | in human beings, any organ that has a digestive function, but is not part of the food tube (ie: liver, gallbladder, pancreas) |
| What are the 3 accessory organs of the digestive system? | 1. gallbladder 2. pancreas 3. liver |
| bile | a secretion of the liver that is stored in the gallbladder and that emulsifies (makes smaller) fats |
| anus | the organ of egestion of the digestive system |
| amylase | an enzyme specific for the hydrolysis (breakdown) of starch into simple sugars |
| What are starches hydrolyzed (broken down) into (basic units)? | simple sugars |
| What are the last three letters that signify a simple sugar? | -ose |
| What are proteins hydrolyzed (broken down) into (basic units)? | amino acids |
| What are lipids hydrolyzed (broken down) into (basic units)? | fatty acids and glycerin |
| carbohydrate | an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| chemical digestion | the process by which nutrient molecules are converted by chemical means into a form usable by the cells |
| constipation | -a disorder of the human digestive tract in which fecal matter solidifies and becomes difficult to egest (leave the body) -too much water is absorbed in the large intestines |
| diabetes | a disorder of the human regulatory system in which insufficient insulin production leads to elevated blood sugar concentrations |
| diarrhea | a disorder of the human digestive system in which the large intestine fails to absorb water from the waste matter, resulting in watery feces. |
| digestion | the process in which complex food are broken down by mechanical or chemical means for use by the body |
| disaccharide | a type of carbohydrate known also as a double sugar |
| egestion | the process by which undigested food materials are eliminated from the body through the anus |
| emulsification | a process by which fat globules are surrounded by bile to form smaller fat droplets |
| esophagus | a structure in the upper portion of the digestive tract that conducts the food from the pharynx to the midgut (stomach) |
| feces | the semisolid material that results from the solidification of undigested foods in the large intestines |
| gallbladder | an accessory organ that stores bile from the liver |
| ingestion | the mechanism by which an organism takes in food from its environment |
| insulin | a hormone, secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, that regulates the storage of blood sugar as glycogen |
| intestine | a portion of the digestive system in which chemical digestion and absorption of digestive end products occur |
| inorganic compound | a chemical compound that lacks the element carbon or hydrogen (ex: salt NaCl) |
| large intestine | a portion of the digestive tract in which undigested foods are solidified by means of water absorption to form feces |
| lipase | any lipid-hydrolyzing enzyme (breaks down lipids) |
| liver | an accessory organ that stores glycogen, produces bile, destroys old red blood cells, and produces urea |
| mechanical digestion | any of the processes by which foods are broken apart physically into smaller particles |
| metabolism | -all of the chemical processes of life considered together -the sum total of all the cell's chemical activity |
| organic compound | a chemical compound that contains the elements carbon and hydrogen -include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Name the 4 organic compounds | 1) carbohydrates 2) proteins 3) lipids 4) nucleic acids |
| pancreas | -an accessory organ that produces enzymes that complete the hydrolysis of foods to soluble end products -also the site of insulin and glucagon production |
| peristalsis | -a wave of contractions of the smooth muscle lining of the digestive tract -the digestive tract that causes ingested food to pass along the food tube |
| polysaccharide | a type of carbohydrate composed of repeating units of monosaccharides (simple sugars) that form a polymeric chain (complex carbohydrate) |
| protein | a complex organic compound composed of repeating units of amino acids |
| protease | any protein-hydrolyzing (breaking down) enzyme |
| rectum | the portion of the digestive tract in which digestive wastes are stored until they can be released to the environment |
| saliva | a fluid secreted by the salivary glands that contains amylase (enzyme that breaks down starches) |
| small intestines | the longest portion of the food tube in which final digestion and absorption of soluble end products occurs |
| stomach | a muscular organ that acts to liquify food and that produces gastric protease for the hydrolysis (breakdown) of protein |
Created by:
LFeldmann
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