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BIO 2274 Practical 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endocrine glands secrete what into the blood? | true hormones |
| true hormones influence what around the body? | target cells around the body |
| what endocrine gland is also an exocrine gland? | pancreas |
| what two endocrine glands have the closet proximity to each other? | thyroid and parathyroid |
| which endocrine gland stored hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus? | posterior pituitary |
| True or False: the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland are located within the cranial cavity | True |
| True or False: insulin is secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets | True |
| True of False, the adrenal medulla secretes hormones aldosterone and cortisol | False |
| What are the 8 hormones of the pituitary gland? | Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin |
| What are the 3 hormones of the thyroid gland? | T3, T4, and calcitonin |
| What is the hormone of the parathyroid gland? | parathyroid hormone |
| What are the 4 hormones of the adrenal cortex? | aldosterone, cortisol, androgens and estrogens |
| What are the 2 hormones of the adrenal medulla? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What are the 3 hormones of the pancreas? | glucagon, insulin, and somatostain |
| What are the 2 hormones of the ovaries? | estrogen and progesteron |
| What are the hormones of the testes? | testosterone |
| What are the normal effects of aldosterone? | increases blood levels of sodium and water and decreases blood levels of potassium |
| What are the effects of hyposecretion of aldosterone? | decreased blood levels of sodium and water, and increased levels of potassium |
| What are the effects of hypersecretion of aldosterone? | increased blood levels of sodium and water, and decreased levels of potassium |
| What are the effects of hyposecretion of thyroid hormone? | decreased metabolism, cold intolerance, weight gain, decreased heart rate, untoned muscle, coarse hair, dry skin, decreased respiration |
| What are the effects of hypersecretion of thyroid hormone? | increased metabolsim, heat intolerance, weight loss, increased heart rate, muscle tremors, smooth hair, soft skin, increased respiration |
| What movements do you expect of a fish with normoglycemia? | regular movement |
| what movements do you expect of a fish with hyperglycemia? | fast and darting movements |
| What movements do you expect of a fish with hypoglycemia? | lethargic movements with a droopy fin |
| What happened when a fish in the insulin solution was moved into the glucose solution? | it returned to normoglycemia |
| How long did the fish originally in the insulin solution take to reach normoglycemia when placed in the glucose solution? | 1 minute |
| After extensive exercise, a diabetic is feeling dizzy, sweaty, shakey, and tired. What could this person do to improve the situation? | have the person consume food or drink containing glucose |
| What is the function of TSH? | thyroid gland growth and secretion of thyroid hormone |
| What is the function of ACTH? | adrenal cortex growth and secretion of glucocorticoids |
| What is the function of prolactin? | synthesis of milk in females and increased sensitivity of LH in males |
| what is the function of GH? | mitosis, differentiation, and growth of tissues |
| what is the function of FSH? | follicle growth, secretion of estrogen in females, and sperm production in males |
| What is the function of LH? | Ovulation in ovaries and secretion of testosterone in testes |
| what is the function of AD? | water retention by kidneys to prevent dehydration |
| What is the function of Oxytocin? | sexual satisfaction, labor contractions, milk ejection in lactating people |
| What is the function of T3 and T4 | increased metabolic rate, alertness |
| what is the function of calcitonin? | lowers blood calcium levels |
| What is the function of PTH? | raises blood calcium levels |
| what is the function of aldosterone? | sodium retention in the body and excretion of potassium in urine |
| what is the function of cortisol? | fat and protein breakdown, anti-inflammatory response |
| What is the functions of androgens and estrogens? | growth of secondary sexual characteristics |
| What is the functions of epinephrine and NE as hormones? | increased alertness, raise heart rate, raise respiratory rate, and raise metabolic rate |
| What is the function of glucagon? | raises glucose in the blood, breaks down glycogen in the liver, fat break down |
| What is the function of insulin? | lower blood glucose, absorption of glucose |
| What is the function of somatostatin? | inhibits stomach acid secretion |
| What is the function of estrogen? | development and growth of reproductive organs, regulation of menstrual cycle and pregnancy |
| What is the function of progesterone? | regulation of menstrual cycle and pregnancy |
| What is the function of testosterone? | development and growth of reproductive organs, sperm production |
| TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, GH, FHS, LH, ADH, and Oxytocin are all made where in the pituitary gland? | anterior lobe |
| ADH and oxytocin are both made where in the pituitary gland? | posterior lobe |
| T3 and T4 are made where in the thyroid gland? | follicle cells |
| Where is calcitonin made in the thyroid gland? | parafollicular cells |
| PTH is made where in the parathyroid gland? | chief cells |
| Where in the adrenal cortex is aldosterone made? | zona glomerulosa |
| Where in the adrenal cortex is cortisol made? | zona fasciculata |
| Where in the adrenal cortex are sex steroids made? | zona reticularis |
| Where in the adrenal medulla are epinephrine and NE made? | chromaffin cells |
| Where in the pancreas is glucagon made? | alpha cells |
| where in the pancreas is insulin made? | beta cells |
| where in the pancreas is somatostatin made? | delta cells |
| Where in the ovary is estrogen made? | granulosa cells |
| where in the ovary is progesterone made? | corpus luteum |
| where in the testes is testosterone made? | interstitial cells |
| What type of cells have significant functions mainly during bleeding? | platelets |
| which white blood cells have the greatest nuclear variatons? | neutrophils |
| what type of cell lacks a nucleus? | erythrocyte |
| which cell has the largest nucleus that fills most of the cell? | lymphocyte |
| Which leukocyte is the most abundant in normal differential count? | neutrophil |
| True or False: eosinophils numbers increase during allergic reactions | true |
| True or False: erythrocytes are also called granulocytes because granules are visible in their cytoplasm when using Wright's stain. | False |
| Define anemia: | when your blood produces a lower than normal amount of healthy red blood cells. |
| Define polycythemia: | having a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood |
| Name the 3 types of granulocytes | neutrophil, eosinophil, and basopihl |
| Name the 3 types of agranulocytes | monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets |
| What is the function of erythrocyte? | Contains hemoglobin that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| What is the function of leukocyte? | Destroys pathogenic microorganisms and parasites |
| What is the function of neutrophil? | Phagocytizes bacteria |
| What is the function of eosinohpil? | helps control inflammation and allergic reactions |
| what is the function of basophil? | Releases heparin and histamine |
| What is the function of a monocyte? | Phagocytizes dead or dying cells and microorganisms |
| what is the function of lymphocyte? | Provides immunity, produced antibodies, destroys foreign cells and infected cells with viruses |
| What is the function of a platelet? | Helps control blood loss from injured blood vessels |
| What is the normal percent value for neutrophils? | 54-62 |
| What is the normal percent value for lymphocytes? | 25-33 |
| What is the normal percent value for monocytes? | 3-9 |
| What is the normal percent value for eosinophils? | 1-3 |
| What is the normal percent value for basophils? | <1 |
| What do elevated levels of neutrophils indicate? | bacterial infections, stress |
| What do elevated levels of lymphocytes indicate? | viral infections |
| What do elevated levels of monocytes indicate? | fungal infections, malaria, TB |
| What do elevated levels of eosinophils indicate? | allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases |
| What do elevated levels of basophils indicate? | hypothyroidism, cancers |
| What equipment is used in a hematocrit? | centrifuge and heparinized capillary tube |
| Why is a heparinized capillary tube used? | to prevent coagulation |
| Normal percent values for males in a hematocrit | 42-52 |
| Normal percent values for females in hematocrit | 37-47 |
| Why would you perform a hematocrit? | to make a diagnosis, and part of a complete blood count test |
| what equipment is used in a hemoglobin percentage test? | either special paper (Tallquist method) or hemoglobinometer |
| Normal value of hemoglobin percentage in adult males | 14.9 ∓ 1.5 g/dL |
| Normal value of hemoglobin percentage in adult females | 13.7 ∓ 1.5g/dL |
| Normal value of hemoglobin percentage in children at birth | 21.5 ∓ 3 g/dL |
| Normal value of hemoglobin percentage in children at 4 years | 13 ∓ 1.5 g/dL |
| Why do the values of hemoglobin percentages differ in children and adults? | Children have higher oxygen levels in the womb |
| What equipment is used in testing coagulation time? | plain tube |
| How long does it take blood to coagulate? | 3-5 minutes |
| What is a plain tube used rather than a heparinized tube? | we want the blood to clot |
| What does coagulation mean? | formation of fibrin strands from fibrin |
| what does agglutination mean? | interaction of antigens and antibodies |
| If blood agglutinates with Antibody B and Antibody D, what type of blood is it? | Type B, Rh positive blood |
| What RBC antigens does blood type A have? | A |
| What RBC antigens does blood type B have? | B |
| What RBC antigens does blood type AB have? | A and B |
| What RBC antigens does blood type O have? | none |
| what plasma antibodies does blood type A have? | anti-B |
| what plasma antibodies does blood type B have? | anti-A |
| what plasma antibodies does blood type AB have? | none |
| what plasma antibodies does blood type O have? | both anti-A and anti-B |
| What is the preferred donor type of blood type A? | A or O |
| What is the preferred donor type of blood type B? | B or O |
| What is the preferred donor type of blood type AB? | A, B, or O |
| What is the preferred donor type of blood type O? | O |
| What donors are incompatible with blood type A? | B and AB |
| What donors are incompatible with blood type B? | A and AB |
| What donors are incompatible with blood type AB? | none |
| What donors are incompatible with blood type O? | A, B, and AB |
| What is the average percentage of hematocrit for males? | 47% |
| What is the average percentage of hematocrit for females? | 42% |
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jannawhite2998
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