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Ch.2526 DualBio Test

DNA structures and control of gene expression/ biotechnology and genomics

QuestionAnswer
What is DNA and where is it found? DNA makes up our genes and is found on chromosomes in cells.
What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discover? They demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material, not proteins.
Which two scientists discovered the structure of DNA? James Watson and Francis Crick determined that DNA is a chain of nucleotides.
What are each nucleotide made of? Phosphoric acid(phosphate), pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen containing base.
What are the four possible nitrogen bases? What do these bases pair with? Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Thymine(T), and Cytosine(C). Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
What is semi-conservative replication? Each daughter DNA molecule consists of one new chain
What are the steps of DNA replication? 1. two parent strands are HYDROGEN bonded together 2.DNA helicase (enzyme)unwinds strands (breaks bonds) 3. Complementary DNA nucleotides (bases) fit into separated strands with DNA polymerase 4. DNA ligase seals gaps
Example: What DNA goes with A G T A C G C T A T C A G C G A T
Example: What RNA goes with T A G C T C G A T A U C G A G C U A
What is transcription? A gene (DNA) serves as a template for the creation of RNA.
What are the three types of RNA? 1. Messenger RNA 2. Transfer RNA 3. Ribosomal RNA
What is messenger RNA? Produced in the nuclues during transcription, it delivers a message from DNA to ribosomes
What is transfer RNA? Made in the nucleus and transfers amino acids to ribosomes. Each tRNA can oney carry one type of amino acid
What is ribosomal RNA? Made in the nucleus and makes up ribosomes with proteins.
What are introns? Introns are segments of DNA that is removed. Apart of the "junk" genes
What are exons? Exons are the portion of the gene that is expressed.
What is. a guanine cap? altered guanine nucleotide
What is a poly-A tail? series of adenosine nucleotides and protects mRNA
How do you read codons? In groups of three
What is the start codon? AUG
What Is translation? major part of protein synthesis, or creation. this is where mRNA provides genetic information to create proteins
What steps are required in translation? 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
What happens in initiation? start codon (AUG), assemble components of the large and small ribosomal subunit, mRNA, initiator tRNA
What happens in elongation? Amino acids come together to form a polypeptide chain
What is termination? stop codon, makes proteins release a factor by cutting it from the last tRNA and sets it free.
What happens when lactose is absent? a gene codes for a normal repressor. a repressor protein binds to the operator. RNA polymerase cannot activate structural genes
what happens when lactose is present? Lactose binds with the lac repressor, making the repressor protein unable to. structural genes activates and make enzymes.
are repressor operons normally on or off? on, unless a repressor protein connects to it.
What are the levels of gene expression in eukaryotes? 1. pretransciptional control 2. transcriptional control 3. posttranscriptional control 4. translational control 5. posttranslational control
what is a gene mutation? Permanent change(s) in the sequence of bases in DNA
What are germ line mutations?
Created by: annalehen
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