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Astronomy
Astronomy Chapter 8 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Earth's diameter in kilometers? | 12,760 kilometers |
| What is the Earth's diameter in miles? | Approximately 7,800 miles |
| What does AU stand for? | Astronomical Unit |
| What does the Semimajor Axis represent? | Distance from Earth to Sun |
| How far is the distance from the Earth to the Sun? | 1.00 AU |
| What is the period of the Earth? | 1.00 year |
| What is the mass of the Earth? | Approximately 5.98*10^24 kilograms |
| What is the radius of the Earth? | Approximately 6,378 kilometers |
| Escape velocity of the Earth | 11.2 km/s |
| Rotational period of Earth | 23 h 56 m 4 s |
| Surface area of Earth | 5.1*10^8 km^2 |
| Density of Earth | 5.514 g/cm^2 |
| What is the measurement for atmospheric pressure? | 1.00 bar |
| What is the atmospheric pressure of the Earth? | 14.7 lbs |
| How thick is the oceanic crust? | 6 km |
| How thick is the continental crust? | 20 to 70 km |
| What is the largest part of Earth? | Mantle |
| How thick is the mantle? | 2,900 km |
| How deep can we go in the crust? | 1/10 |
| When does temperature and pressure increase inside the mantle? | The further deep you go in the mantle, the greater the temperature and pressure increase. |
| How many types of core are there? | Two types |
| What state of matter is the outer core? | Liquid |
| What state of matter is the inner core? | Solid |
| What is the composition of the inner core? | Iron and nickel |
| Would we be alive if the outer core was solid? | We would not be alive if the outer core was solid because the Earth's magnetic field would disappear. |
| What is the magnetic shield around the Earth called? | Magnetosphere |
| What are three of the main elements that make up the Earth? | Iron, silicon, and oxygen |
| How fast do you have to go in miles per hour to escape Earth? | 25,000 mph |
| About how far beneath our feet in miles have we explored the Earth? | Approximately three miles |
| What are seismic waves? | Seismic waves are vibrations that are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. |
| Where are two places through which the seismic waves travel? | Surface of planet (crust) and interior of planet (mantle) |
| What is another word for refract? | Bend |
| What is the top layer of the Earth called? | Crust |
| How much of the Earth's surface is covered by oceanic crust? | 55 percent |
| About how thick in miles is the oceanic crust? | 3.6 miles thick |
| What type of volcanic rock makes up oceanic crust? | Basalt |
| How much of the Earth's surface is covered by continental crust? | 45 percent |
| About how thick in miles is the continental crust? | 12 to 42 miles |
| What type of volcanic rock makes up continental crust? | Granite |
| The crust makes up what percent of the total mass of the Earth? | 0.3 percent |
| What is the largest section of the solid Earth called? | Mantle |
| How deep does the mantle go? | 1,740 miles |
| What makes the mantle so much denser than the crust? | Pressure from overlying rock |
| If we can't even explore to the bottom of the crust, how are scientists able to get samples of the mantle to study? | Mantle material ejections from volcanoes |
| What is the dense metallic center of the Earth called? | Core |
| What is the difference between the outer core and the inner core? | Outer core is liquid and inner core is solid |
| What are the three elements that we believe can be found in the core? | Iron, nickel, and sulfur |
| What is differentiation? | Differentiation is the separation of Earth into layers of different densities with largest densities towards the center. |
| What creates the magnetic field around the Earth? | The magnetic field is generated by moving material in Earth's liquid metallic core. |
| What is trapped in the magnetosphere that surrounds the Earth? | Charged particles |
| Where do these charged particles trapped in the magnetosphere come from? | They flow outward from the hot surface of the sun (solar wind). |
| What is an igneous rock? | Any rock that has cooled from a molten state. |
| What is a sedimentary rock? | Made of fragments of igneous rock or the shells of living organisms deposited by wind or water and cemented together without melting. |
| What are the three common sedimentary rocks? | Sandstones, shales, and limestones |
| How are metamorphic rocks made? | They are produced when high temperature or high pressure changes the igneous or sedimentary rock physically or chemically. |
| Why is there no primitive rock left on Earth? | No primitive rock is left on Earth because the entire planet was heated early in its history. |
| What is geology? | Geology is the study of Earth's crust and the processes that have shaped its surface throughout history. |
| What provides the energy for the shaping of our mountains, valleys, volcanoes, etc.? | Heat escaping from the interior of the Earth |
| What are plate tectonics? | Plate tectonics is an idea the explains how slow motions within the mantle of Earth move large segments of the crust, resulting in a gradual "drifting" of the continents as well as formation of mountains and other geological features(caused by convection) |
| Plate tectonics can be considered a mechanism for Earth to do what? | Transports heat efficiently from the interior out to space |
| About how many tectonic plates are on Earth? | About twelve |
| Where is one place where the tectonic plates are being forced apart? | Atlantic Ocean |
| What is convection? | Convection is when heat escapes from the interior through upward flow of warmer material and the slow sinking of cooler material. |
| What are four types of action that can occur between plates as they move? | Pull apart; one plate can burrow under another; slide alongside each other; jam together |
| What are plates? | The Earth's crust and upper mantle broken into sections |
| What does the root word "lith" mean? | Rock |
| What is the lithosphere made up of? | Crust and uppermost mantle |
| Plates move around on top of the mantle like what? | Rafts |
| What is the asthenosphere? | The upper part of the mantle, directly below the lithosphere |
| The asthenosphere is like what part of the mantle? | Elastic/plastic |
| What makes plates move? | Convection currents |
| What are convection currents? | Convection currents in the mantle move the plates as the core heats the slowly flowing asthenosphere |
| What are the three main types of plate tectonics boundaries? | Divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries |
| What are divergent boundaries? | Two plates move away from each other |
| What are convergent boundaries? | Two plates that move towards each other |
| What are transform boundaries? | Two plates that move past each other in opposite direction |
| What is it called when boundaries between two plates are colliding? | Compression |
| What is the first type of convergent boundary? | Ocean plate colliding with a less dense continental plate |
| What is a subduction zone? | The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary |
| What phenomenon occur at subduction zones? | Volcanoes |
| What is an example of a subduction zone? | Andes Mountains, South America |
| What is the second type of convergent boundary? | Ocean plate colliding with another ocean plate |
| What occurs in the second type of convergent boundary? | The less dense plate slides under the denser plate creating a subduction zone called a trench |
| What is an example of a trench? | Aleutian Islands, Alaska |
| What is the third type of convergent boundary? | A continental plate colliding with another continental plate |
| What occurs in the third type of convergent boundary? | Have collision zones: a place where folded and thrust faulted mountains form |
| What phenomenon occur in the third type of convergent boundary? | Mountains ranges |
| Example of folded mountains | Himalayas or Rockies |
| What happens when the rock is squeezed from the stress of compression? | A reverse fault: rock is forced upward as it is squeezed |
| How is the rock broken at transform boundaries? | Rock is pushed in two opposite directions (or sideways, but no rock is lost) |
| What is shearing? | Shearing is when rock is pushed in two opposite directions (or sideways, but no rock is lost) |
| What happens next at transform boundaries? | May cause earthquakes when the rock snaps from the pressure |
| What is an example of a fault? | San Andreas Fault, California |
| What happens when the rock is sheared (or "cut") from the stress of shearing? | A strike-slip fault: rocks on each side of the fault slip past each other as they break |
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