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Vocab Ch.4
Honors Biology Ch. 4 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell fractionation | The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds. |
| cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. |
| central vacuole | In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances. |
| centriole | A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9 plus 0” pattern. |
| chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. |
| chromosome | A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. |
| cilium (cilia) | A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells |
| contractile vacuole | A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists |
| crista | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
| cytoplasm | The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus. |
| cytoskeleton | A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions. |
| cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| electron microscope | A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolution 100-fold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. |
| endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
| flagellum (flagella) | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion |
| food vacuole | A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell. |
| glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| golgi apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates. |
| granum | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| intermediate filament | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
| light microscope | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. |
| lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists |
| microfilament | A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament. |
| microtubule | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |
| mitochondrial matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA. |
| mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| nuclear envelope | In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm |
| nucleoid | A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located. |
| nucleolus | A specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm |
| nucleus | An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. |
| organelle | Any of several kinds of membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| peroxisome | An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
| phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell |
| plasma membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition. |
| prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
| ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| rough ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached. |
| scanning electron microscope | A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography. |
| smooth ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. |
| stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA |
| thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast |
| transmission electron microscope | A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal structure of cells. |
| transport vesicle | A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell |
| vesicle | A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell |
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