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A&P Midyear
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abdominal | region below the bellybutton |
| acid | compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| acromial | region of the top of the shoulder |
| activation energy | minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| active site | part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate during a reaction |
| active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient |
| adipose tissue | tissue that stores fat |
| alkaline | having a pH greater than 7 |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| anabolism | synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones |
| anatomical position | standard position in which the body is facing forward, feet are parallel, and the arms are at the sides with palms facing forward |
| anatomy | structure of an organism |
| anterior | front, a.k.a. ventral |
| apocrine glands | sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin |
| arrector pili | tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect |
| atmospheric pressure | force exerted by the weight of the air |
| ATP | molecule used as energy for cell activities |
| avascular | lacking a blood supply |
| axillary | region of the armpit |
| base | compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution |
| benign | not cancerous |
| Bicarbonate (HCO3-) | the principle buffer in the blood, helps regulate pH by binding to or releasing hydrogen ions |
| brachial | region of the upper arm |
| buffer | an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH |
| calcium (Ca) | element that provides strength to bones, necessary for blood clotting and muscle contraction |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division |
| carbohydrate | organic compound used by cells to store and release energy |
| carbonic acid (H2CO3) | weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water |
| cardiovascular system | organ system responsible for transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes through the blood (heart, blood vessels) |
| carpal | region of the wrist |
| catabolism | breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy |
| catalyst | substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected |
| cell | basic unit of life |
| cellular respiration | process by which cells use oxygen to produce ATP from food |
| centriole | structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division |
| cervical | region of the neck |
| cilia | hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner |
| conductivity | ability to conduct an electric current |
| connective tissue | provides support for the body and connects all its parts |
| covalent bond | chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons |
| crural | shin |
| CT scan | a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body |
| cytoplasm | jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| decomposition reaction | reaction in which one compound breaks into at least two products |
| deep | toward the internal organs or away from the surface |
| deltoid | region of the shoulder |
| denaturation | a structural change in a protein that results in a loss of its biological properties |
| dermis | layer deep to the epidermis |
| digestive system | organ system which breaks down and absorbs nutrients (stomach, intestines, liver) |
| digital | region of the fingers or toes |
| distal | away from the point of attachment or origin (used for limbs only) |
| DNA | double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code |
| dorsal cavity | includes the cranial and spinal cavities |
| dorsal | back side |
| effector | an organ or cell that responds to a stimulus based on directions from the control center |
| endocrine system | organ system that releases hormones to control metabolism (glands such as pituitary, thyroid) |
| endomembrane system | collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
| enzyme | specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy |
| epidermis | outermost layer of skin |
| epithelial tissue | covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities |
| epithelium | tissue that covers all free surfaces of the body, has one exposed surface |
| exchange pump | carrier mechanism that moves ions in opposite directions against their concentration gradients requiring energy |
| exchange reaction | reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products |
| excretion | elimination of any of the wastes of metabolism |
| extracellular fluid | all body fluid other than that contained within cells |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes from high to low concentration through protein channels |
| fatty acids | building blocks of lipids |
| femoral | region of the front of the thigh |
| fibular | region of the outside of the lower leg |
| first degree burn | superficial burns through only the epidermis |
| frontal plane | plane that divides the body into front and back sections |
| glucose | sugar that is the major source of energy for the body's cells |
| gluteal | region of the buttocks |
| glycerol | with fatty acids, make up the building blocks of lipids |
| glycogen | polysaccharide made from a chain of glucose molecules |
| Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| hair follicle | a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair |
| homeostasis | the relatively stable state of equilibrium of an organism and its parts |
| hydrogen bond | attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom |
| hydrogen ion | positively charged atom of hydrogen (H+) |
| hydroxide ion | negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (OH-) |
| hypertonic | when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytosol |
| hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | the layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis, which serves as a storage repository for fat |
| hypotonic | when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol |
| in utero | in a woman's uterus before birth |
| inferior | below or under |
| inguinal | region where legs attach to the torso |
| innervated | has a nerve supply |
| inorganic compound | any compound that does not contain carbon-carbon bonds |
| integumentary system | organ system that provides protection for the body (skin, hair, nails) |
| interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| intracellular fluid | fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions |
| iodine (I) | element needed to make functional thyroid hormones |
| iron (Fe) | element that carries oxygen in red blood cells |
| isotonic | when the concentrations of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal |
| lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| lipid | organic compound made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| locomotion | movement |
| lumbar | region of the lower spine |
| lymphatic system | organ system that returns fluids that have escaped from cells to the blood and also assists with immunity (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils) |
| lysosome | organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| malignant | cancerous |
| medial | toward the midline of the body |
| melanoma | skin cancer that typically arises from a mole |
| merocrine glands | sweat glands that function in evaporative cooling |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| metastasis | process by which cancer cells spread from their original site through blood or lymph |
| microtubules | thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers |
| microvilli | extensions of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area for absorption |
| midsagittal plane | plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves |
| mitochondria | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into ATP through cellular respiration |
| mitosis | division of the cell nucleus |
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) | building blocks of carbohydrates |
| MRI | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue |
| muscle tissue | tissue made of cells capable of contracting |
| muscular system | organ system that creates movement (muscles, tendons) |
| muscular tissue | tissue that contracts to create movement |
| nasal | nose area |
| negative feedback | mechanism of homeostasis that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output |
| nervous system | organ system that receives and interprets stimuli and generates responses to effector organs (brain, spinal cord, nerves) |
| nervous tissue | tissue that senses stimuli and transmits electrical signals |
| neutral | equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions |
| nucleic acid | DNA or RNA, conveys genetic information for making proteins |
| nucleolus | found inside the nucleus and assembles ribosomes |
| nucleotides | building blocks of DNA and RNA |
| nutrient | chemical needed for the maintenance, growth, and development of the body |
| occipital | region of the back of the head |
| oral | region of the mouth |
| orbital | region around they eye |
| organ system | organs working together to perform a specific function |
| organ | multiple tissues working together to perform a specific function |
| organelle | specialized structure that performs specific functions within cell |
| organic compound | compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things |
| organism | single living thing |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
| passive transport | movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| patellar | region of the kneecap |
| pelvic | region between the front of the hips |
| pericardial cavity | contains the heart |
| pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| physiology | the study of the functions of an organism |
| plasma membrane | thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell |
| pleural cavity | contains the lungs |
| polar covalent bond | covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally |
| positive feedback | mechanism of homeostasis feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output |
| posterior | back, a.k.a. dorsal |
| product | a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| prone | lying on the stomach, palms and face downward |
| protein | organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| proximal | toward the point of attachment or origin (used for limbs only) |
| pubic | region just above the genitals |
| radiography | x-ray imaging |
| radioisotope | isotope with an unstable nucleus that becomes more stable by spontaneously emitting energy and particles |
| reactant | element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction |
| receptor | neuron that detects a change in the environment and conveys it to the control center |
| reproductive system | organ system which functions in creating offspring (penis and testes in males, ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females) |
| respiratory system | organ system that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide (trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli) |
| ribosome | synthesizes proteins |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes |
| Rule of Complementarity | the idea that the function of a structure is strongly tied to its structure |
| sacral | region of the tail bone |
| sagittal plane | plane that divides the body into left and right sections |
| salt | compound that conducts electricity when dissolved in water |
| scapular | region of the shoulder blade |
| sebaceous glands | secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles |
| sebum | oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands |
| second-degree burn (partial-thickness) | burn affecting the epidermis and part of the dermis and characterized by redness, blistering, and pain with little or no scarring |
| selective permeability | property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substances into or out of the cell |
| serous membrane (serosa) | thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid |
| set point | ideal value for a physiological parameter |
| simple diffusion | movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration |
| skeletal system | organ system that provides protection and support for body parts, and produces blood cells (bones, cartilage, ligaments) |
| skin graft | transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site |
| skin receptor | type of sensory receptor that has four basic variations: pressure, warmth, cold, and pain |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | no attached ribosomes |
| sodium (Na) | element needed for nerve impulse conduction |
| spindle fibers | help guide the chromosomes apart during replication and are made up of micrtubules |
| sternal | region of the breast bone |
| stratum basale (germinativum) | deepest layer of epidermis, mitotic layer |
| stratum corneum | most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells |
| substrate | reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
| sulfur (S) | important element in protein formation |
| superficial | toward the skin or surface |
| superior | above or on top |
| supine | lying on the back, palms and face upward |
| sural | calf or posterior surface of the lower leg |
| synthesis reaction | reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single compound |
| tarsal | region underneath the ankle |
| thermoregulation | maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range |
| third-degree burn (full-thickness) | severe burn characterized by destruction of the epidermis and dermis with damage to the subcutaneous layer, leaving the skin charred black or dry white in appearance with insensitivity to touch |
| thoracic | region of the rib cage |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| transcription | synthesis of mRNA molecule from a DNA template |
| translation | decoding of a mRNA into a protein |
| transverse plane | plane that divides the body into top and bottome sections |
| tumor | a mass of abnormal cells |
| ultrasound | imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves |
| umbilical | region of the bellybutton |
| urinary system | organ system which functions in maintaining water balance and eliminating nitrogen wastes (kidneys, urinary tract) |
| UV radiation | ultraviolet radiation from the sun |
| vascular | containing blood vessels |
| ventral cavity | includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
| ventral | stomach side |
| visceral | pertaining to the internal organs |
| vitamin D | vitamin made by the skin when exposed to sunlight |
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