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Zoology

Chapter 3: Animal Devlopment

TermDefinition
Embryology study of early devlopment of an organism.
In a typical animal life cycle, fertilization of the egg is required for development except for some rotifers, crustaceans, and in a limited number of vertebrate animals.
The condition in which an egg may develop without being fertilized is called parthenogenesis which means false origin or beginning
In most animals, monospermy or fertilization by only one sperm cell occurs to increase the overall efficiency of the process.
Some primitive protist-like organisms may reproduce asexually by mitosis, fission, budding, or fragmentation followed by regeneration but the majority of animals reproduce sexually by the formation of gametes (egg and sperm cells) by meiosis, which occurs in the gonadal tissue of the ovary and testis.
An egg cell contains a variable amount of yolk which serves as a stored energy reserve of the developing embryo.
Stages of embryonic development are: Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis, growth and differentiation
Gametogenesis formation of the egg and sperm cells by meiosis
Fertilization fusion of the egg and sperm cell to form a zygote.
Cleavage a series of "mitotic divisions" of the zygote.
Blastulation formation of a blastula stage
Gastrulation a rearrangement of cells to form a gastrula stage
Neurulation refers to the formation of a notochord and tubular nerve cord
Organogenesis tissue reorganization and differentiation to form organs.
Growth and differentiation refers to an increase in the size of cells and a change in form and function of cells.
The formation of gametes - the separate processes are termed spermatogenesis and oogenesis for the formation of spermatozoa and egg cells, respectively
Immediately following fertilization of the egg, the nucleus, nucleolus, and the nuclear membrane disappear, and a fertilization membrane forms around the cell membrane to prevent the entry of other spermatozoa.
Created by: SilverLady
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