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Bio205 Exam 2- SS
Bio205 Exam 2- Self Study Chapters 6, 7, 20 and selected diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two types of requirements for microbial growth? | Physical and Chemical |
| Physical requirements for bacterial growth are: (3) | Temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure |
| Chemical requirements for bacterial growth are: (7) | Carbons, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, trace elements and organic growth factors |
| What are the three types of microorganisms classified into their preferred range of temperature? | Psychrophiles (Cold Loving)Mesophiles (Moderate Loving)Thermophiles ( Heat Loving) |
| The ___ is the lowest temp that a bacterium will grow. ___ is the temp where bacteria grow best. ___ is the highest temp. that bacteria can grow | Minimum growth temperatureOptimum growth temperatureMaximum growth temperature |
| Microbiologists favor this term ____ for food spoilage microorganisms | Psychrotrophs |
| ___ are the most common form of microbe (temp) | Mesophiles |
| Most bacteria grow between pH's of ___ and ___ | 6.5 and 7.5 |
| Most bacteria do not grow below a acidic pH of ___ | 4 |
| Microorganisms composition is 80-90% water, therefore, they need water for ___ | Growth |
| If an environment is hypertonic to the cell, water moves out of the cell causing an osmotic loss of water which is called ___, or shrinkage of the cell's cytoplasm | Plasmolysis |
| Some foods are preserved by increasing osmotic pressure in the forms of ___ and ___. Because it draws water out of the cell it prevents growth. | Salt and Sugar |
| These organisms require high salt concentrations for growth. | Extreme halophiles |
| ___ halophiles require nearly 30% salt in order to grow | Obligate |
| ___ halophiles do not require high salt concentrations but can grow in concentration of up to 2% | Facultative |
| ___ is the structural backbone of living matter | Carbon |
| ___ is half the dry weight of a typical bacterial cell | Carbon |
| ___ get most of their carbon from their sources of energy- organic materials like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids | Chemoheterotrophs |
| ___ and ___ derive their carbon from carbon dioxide | Chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs |
| Protein synthesis in a microorganism requries ___ as well as some sulfer | Nitrogen |
| The synthesis of DNA and RNA require ___ and ___, as does the synthesis of ATP | Nitrogen and Phosphorous |
| Organisms use ___ primarily to form the amino group of the amino acids of proteins | Nitrogen |
| ___ is the process of using nitrogen directly from the air and is used by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria | Nitrogen fixation |
| ___ is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids and the phospholipids of cell membranes | Phosphorus |
| Microbes require very small amount of other minerals such as iron, copper, molybdenum, and zinc | Trace elements |
| ___ are microbes that use molecular oxygen | Aerobes |
| ___ are microbes that do not use oxygen | Anaerobes |
| ___ produce more energy from nutrients that do not use oxygen | Aerobes |
| ______ are aerobic bacteria that have delveloped or retained the ability to continue growing in the absence of oxygen | Facultative anaerobes |
| ___ are bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy-yielding reactions. Clostridium is an example | Obligate anaerobes |
| ___ is oxygen that has been boosted into a higher energy state and is extremely reactive | Singlet oxygen |
| Are formed in small amounts during the respiration of organisms that use oxygen as a final electron acceptor, forming water | Superoxide radicals |
| ___ are so toxic to cells to cells that all organisms attempting to grow in atmospheric oxygen must produce the enzyme SOD | Superoxide radicals |
| Aerobic, facultative anaerobes growing aerobically and aerotolerant anaerobes produce ___ | Superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
| Bacteria produce ___ which they convert the superoxide radical into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide | Superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
Created by:
rewasson
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