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MicroLabPrac
Lab Practical On
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidemiology | study of disease transmission including what,where and when. |
| Disease | any change from a normal healthy state. |
| Infection | colonization and replication of potential pathogens in a hose |
| Reservoir | constant source of infection that gives pathogen place to survive and replicate. |
| Carriers | human reservoirs who do not show signs of disease. |
| Chronic Carrier | shed pathogens all their life. |
| Casual(transient) Carrier | shed temporarily and do not get disease themselves. |
| Incubactory Carrier | show no symptoms in communicable period; shed temporarily. |
| Convalescent carrier | show no sign of disease because they have recovered; shed temporarily. |
| Vectors | animals that carry pathogens from one host to another. |
| Arthropod Vector | (most common) insects |
| Biological Vector | vector bites one host and then another. |
| Mechanical Vector | vector carries pathogen on its feet/other body parts. |
| Direct Transmission | passed from one person to another by direct body contact, sexual, or close personal contact. |
| Indirect Transmission | passed person to person by other objects like food, water, dust, soil, animals, or inanimate objects. |
| Fomites | inanimate objects that transmit disease (spoons, cups, bedding, etc.) |
| Droplet Transmission | microorganisms carried in small drops of liquid. |
| Droplet Nuclei | organisms encased in dried mucus (protective covering) |
| Aerosol formation | suspension of microorganisms w/particle in the air. |
| Aseptic Objectives | prevent contamination of clinical specimen, worker, and maintains known standard control cultures w/o contaminates. |
| Septic | presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue. |
| Aseptic | absence of pathogenic microbes. |
| Broth Medium | solution containing nutrients required by microbes for growth. |
| Agar | seaweed polysaccharide (D and L galactose). It makes broth solid. |
| Solid Medium | broth that has agar in it to make it hard. |
| Petri Plates | flat plastic plates w/lid; filled w/solid medium. |
| Pour Plate | organisms spread throughout plate (partial liquid) |
| 4 Quadrant Streak Plate | used for colony isolation. |
| Form(from top,naked eye) | circular, irregular, filamentous,rhizoid |
| Elevation(lateral view) | raised, convex, flat, umbonate,crateriform |
| Margin(edges) | Entire, Undulate Filiform, Curled, Lobate |
| Sediment | Growth at the bottom. IE. STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS |
| Pellicle | Growth at the top. Obligate aerobes, motile IE BACILLUS SUBTILIS |
| Turbidity(cloudy) | Growth throughout. Facultative anaerobes, motile IE E. coli or Serratia marcescens(cloudy and red in color) |
| Dark Field | dark background, bright (non-stained) living organisms |
| Simple Microscope | one lens |
| Compound Microscope | two lenses: Ocular and Objective |
| Ocular Lens | closest to the eye 10x |
| Objective Lens | Closest to the specimen 4x low, 10x, 40x, 100x high |
| Condenser | group of lenses below the stage which functions as a light gathering system which sends light to the specimen from the light source. |
| Diaphragm | iris-like closure system below the stage below the stage which regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser. |
| Resolving Power | the ability to distinguish 2 points as distinct, seperate objects rather than as one blurred image. It depends on wave length of light(shorter=better), design of the condenser and use of oil immersion. |
| Numercial Aperture | relates to the size of the cone of light entering the objective and the medium surrounding the objective (usually air) |
| Immersion Oil | prevents loss of light rays due to diffraction because the oil has the same refractive index as glass and improves resolution. |
| Total Magnification | ocular magnification multiplied by the objective magnification. |
| Parfocalism | once the specimen has been focused under low power(10x)the microscope is parfocal if you are able to switch to a highter magnification with a minimum of focal adjustment. |
| Working Distance | distance between the bottom of the objective lens and the slide. As the magnification increases, the working distance decreases. |
| Light intensity | less light is required at low magnifications. As the magnification increases, the need for light increases. Too much light can cause burn out. |
| Diameter of field | as the magnification increases the diameter of the field decreases. |
| Real Image | image passing into the objective lens from the specimen |
| Virtual image | real image is further magnified by the ocular lens and passes to the retina of the eye. It is upside down and reversed left to right. |
| Coarse Focus | used to bring the specimen into approximate focus. |
| Fine Focus | used to bring the specimen into clear focus |
| Rheostat | electrical adjustment for the light bulb. |
| Light field | Uses visible/white light, bright background, stained organisms. |
| Fluorescent | emit light when light of different wavelength strikes them(UV rays) |
| Electron Microscopy | uses beam of electrons guided by strong magnets; increase RP |
| Scanning(SEM) | magnify objects 50,000 x actual size; 3-D image, color |
| Transmission(TEM) | magnify 500,000x; black and white; granular |
| Heat Fix | to keep the bacteria from washing off during the staining procedure. |
| Basic dyes (+) | attracted to (-) structures in cell. Blue,green, violet, red. |
| Simple stains | attracted to plasma membrane |
| Acidic dyes(-) | repel by negative charge of organism: don't stain organism but stains background. |
| Smears and Simple Stains | Heat fix; Basic dyes; Acidic dyes |
| Gram Stain | Separate organisms based on cell wall construction. Peptidoglycan(layer); Primary stain(crystal violet); Counterstain(Safranin);Mordant iodine(binds crystal violet and intensifies stain); decolorizer (alcohol or acetone) (+)purple (-)pink |
| Spore stain | Stains spores. IE Bacillus subtlilus(anthrax) and Clostridium(botulism) Primary stain (Malachite green) Counterstain (safranin); no decolorizer; Spores(green) vegetative cells (pink or red) |
| Direct Motility | Looking a flagella |
| Monotrichous | single flagella on one end |
| Amphitrichous | one flagella on each end. |
| Lophotrichous | multiple flagella on one or both ends. |
| Peritrichous | flagella cover entire surface. |
| Indirect motility | evidence(hanging drop), SIM tube, Motility test medium or half strength agar. |
| Acid-fast stain | Difficult to stain, diagnostic test for Mycobacterium, short rod. Primary stain(carbolfuschin); Decolorizer(5% acid alcohol); Counterstain methylene blue |
| Negative Stain | Transparent organisms with stained background. Negative acidic dyes(Nigrosin-purple);congo red(pink) or India Ink(not based on charge) Drop dye one end, smear across slide, air dry and view. Not heat fixed/ and specimen is alive. |
| Capsule stain | Protective, sticky glycopolysaccharide layer. It protects from phagocytosis b/c non Ag capsule. Use negative stain technique plus addition of crystal violet at end. |
| Carbohydrate test | PH indicator Phenol Red; sugar broth; neutral pH, durham tube capture gas. |
| Acid only | yellow, no gas bubble. |
| Acid and gas | Yellow and gas bubble |
| Negative acid | red/pink |
| Neutral | orange |
| Starch Hydrolysis | complex carb. Testing for amylase(saliva). Add iodine and should see the halo |
| Catalase production | Peroxide converts to H2O and oxygen. It will bubble when it is positive. |
| DNA digestion | Halo around organism when viewed on white background. Touleudine blue migrates away, leaving clear halo. Any color change=+ test. |
| Hydrogen Sulfide production(cysteine metabolism) | Gas: cysteine (trying to make pyruvic acid) clips off sulfur(alanine)etc...generate energy. Sulfur bound to H and will make Ferrous iron(replace H ion on sulfur) and Iron Sulfate=black precipitate(ppt=desulfurase) Must have cysteine to ppt. |
| Indole/Trytophane Metabolism | Makes pyruvic acid, indole, and ammonia. Use Kovak's reagent and a positive test will have a red ring at the top. |
| Kovak's Reagent | paraaminobenzalidehyde and binds to indole. |
| Blood agar plates | Used for streptococcus. Alpha(Olive Green) Beta(total hemolysis) clear; Gama(no hemolysis) and has no changes in color |
| Urea Digestion. | Test changes pH. Conducive for growth (Proteus, Helicobacter pylori); urease +. Breaks it down CO2 and ammonia (HOT PINK, alkalyline |
| Obligate aerobes(strict) | requires mine 21%oxygen. Both SOD and catalase(free radicals) |
| Obligate anaerobes(no enzymes) | 0% oxygen |
| Facultative Anaerobe | grow w/out oxygen 0-21% only SOD, no catylase |
| Microaerophils | grow just below surface 2-10% Myeloperoxidase |
Created by:
DixieDoll
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