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es earth's history
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Term | Definition |
---|---|
uniformitarianism | the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. |
relative dating | tells us the sequence in which events occurred. not how long ago they occurred. |
law of superposition | in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each layer is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it. |
principle of original horizontality | layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position. |
principle of cross-cutting relationships | when a fault cuts through rock layers, or when magma intrudes other rocks and hardens, then the fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks around it. |
inclusions | rocks contained within other rocks. rocks containing inclusions are younger than the inclusions they contain. |
unconformities | A surface that represents a break in the rock record. deposition stopped, erosion removed previously formed rocks and then deposition resumed. |
angular unconformity | indicates pause in deposition, a period of deformation (folding or tilting) and erosion occurred. |
disconformities | when the erosional surface separates older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks from younger sedimentary rocks. |
index fossils | widespread geographically, are limited to a short span of geologic time and occur in large numbers |
half-life | the amount of time necessary for one half of the nuclei in a sample to decay to its stable isotope. |
radioactivity | the process by which atoms decay. |
radiometric dating | a way of calculating the absolute ages of rocks and minerals that contain certain radioactive isotopes. |
radiocarbon dating | a method to date organic materials using carbon-14. |
When an organism dies, the amount of carbon-14 | gradually decreases |
eons | largest intervals of geologic time |
eons are divided into | eras |
each era is subdivided into | periods |
periods are divided into smaller units called | epochs |