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GeologyExam 2
Minerals, Ore, Rock-Cycle, Resources
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a mineral? | The building block of rocks, naturally occurring (versus synthetic), inorganic (no C-H bonds), and solid . |
| How many naturally occurring elements in the Earths crust? | 88 |
| How many minerals are there? | Over 3,500. |
| What 8 elements make up 98% of Earth’s crust. What are they? | Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Potasium , and Sodium. |
| Define: Crystal | Any substance whose atoms are arranged in a periodic, repeating pattern. This pattern is crystalline structure. |
| Define: Unit Cell | The smallest group of atoms making up the unique repeating pattern of a crystal. |
| Define: Crystal Face. | A flat surface occurring when a crystal grows freely. It reflects light. |
| What are the 8 main physical properties of minerals? | Crystal habit, Cleavage, Fracture, Hardness, Specific gravity, Color, Streak, and Luster. |
| Define Specific gravity. | The weight of a substances relative to that of an equal volume of water. |
| Define Crystal habit | is the characteristic shape of a mineral and the manner in which aggregates of crystals grow. |
| Define Cleavage | Some minerals tend to break along flat surfaces. |
| Define Fracture | The way a mineral breaks other than cleavage. |
| Define Hardness. | The resistances of a mineral to scratching. |
| Moh’s scale | 1. Talc, 2. Gypsum, 3. Calcite, 4. Fluorite, 5. Apatite, 6. Orthoclase, 7. Quartz, 8. Topaz, 9. Corundum, 10. Diamond. |
| Define Specific gravity. | Density relative to water |
| Define Streak. | Color of fine powder. |
| Define Luster. | The manner in which a mineral reflects light. |
| What are the 9 mineral classes? | Silicates, Carbonates, Sulfides, Sulfates, Native elements, Halides, Oxides, Hydroxides, and Phosphates. |
| Key features of Silicates. | Contain silicon and oxygen. Most abundant rock-forming minerals. Five groups (Si:O ratio, crystal form), Basic unit – silica tetrahedral. |
| Key features of Carbonates. | Contain carbon and oxygen. Form many sedimentary rocks |
| Define Native elements. | A small class of minerals, including pure gold and silver, which consist of only a single element. |
| What is Rhyolite? | An Igneous rock that consists mostly of feldspar and quartz but is very fine grained. The same magma that solidifies slowly within the crust can also erupt onto Earth’s surface to form Rhyolite. |
| What is granite? | An igneous intrusive rock that consists mainly of feldspar, quartz and small flecks of biotite. |
| What is gabbro? | Gabbro is the plutonic counterpart of basalt; it is mineralogically identical but consists of larger crystals. Made up of equal amounts of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. |
| Define Ore minerals. | Metals or other elements profitably recoverable. |
| Key features of Industrial minerals. | Non-metals like halite (salt, phosphates, etc), Gems, Prized for beauty & rarity, some industrial uses. |
| Black Lung is caused by? | Coal dust. |
| Silicosis is caused by? | Silica inhalation. |
| Key features of Asbestos. | Fibrous (chrysotile) and “needle” crystals, both can cause cancer if inhaled, and both are flame resistant, fibrous can be woven into cloth |
| Key features of Radon. | Gaseous element from radioactive decay of Uranium that causes cancer. It isassociated with granites and shales. |
| Key problems and causes of Acid mine drainage & heavy metals. | Often from sulfides, forms sulfuric acid, and sulfide-bound metals may be released.( Lead, cadmium, mercury) |
| Define Rocks. | A solid aggregate of one or more minerals. Three types Igneous (from magma), Sedimentary (from weathering), and Metamorphic (From any pre-existing rock exposed to heat and/or pressure). |
| Key features of the Rock cycle | MAGMA cools to IGNEOUS rock.IGNEOUS and METAMORPHIC can be eroded->transported->deposited->lithified into SEDIMENTARY.IGNEOUS and SEDIMENTARY with heat and pressure can become METAMORPHIC.IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, and METAMORPHIC melted to magma. |
| Key features and a types of extrusive rocks. | Volcanic rocks that cool quickly and are fine grained. (Basalt, Obsidian, Porphyry, and Phenocrysts . |
| Define porphyry. | Grains of large crystals among smaller crystals (very fine matrix). |
| Key features and a types of Intrusive rocks. | Volcanic rocks that cool slowly underground (Plutonic) and have larger crystals (1mm or more). (Granite) |
| What’s are Felsic Rocks made of? | Feldspar & Silica. [Granite & Rhyolite (basement rock) ] |
| What’s are Mafic Rocks made of? | Magnesium & Iron. [Basalt & Gabbro] |
| What’s are Intermediate Rocks made of? | Between granite & basalt. [Andesite & Diorite] |
| What’s are Ultramafic Rocks made of? | Very magnesium & iron-rich. [Peridotite & Komatiite] |
| Define Amorphous. | A glass like texture. |
| Key features of Bowens Reaction Series. | Idealized progression of minerals produced by cooling magma. The series is broken into two branches, the continuous and the discontinuous, with a scale from high to low temperature of crystallization. |
| What is a mineral? | A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. |
| How do Earth’s systems create sediments? | Weathering and erosion creates particles that are transported and deposited, then they undergo compaction and lithification. |
| Define Clastic rocks. | Formed from fragments or clasts of other rocks. |
| Common types of Clasitic sedimentary rocks. | Conglomerate, Sandstone, Shale, Siltstone (differences based on grain size). |
| Define Chert. | Pure silica rocks that formed from dead diatoms. Occurs in sedimentary beds and as irregularly shaped lumps “nodules” in other sedimentary rocks. |
| Define Organic rocks. | Lithified remains of plants/animals. Chert, Peat, and Coal. |
| Chemical directed precipitation of minerals. | Evaporation (leaves salts). Creates gypsum, halides, calcium carbonate. |
| Types of evaporite minerals. | Gypsum & Halite (salt) |
| Define Bioclastic rocks. | Clastic rocks that are partially or entirely comprised of shell fragments. |
| Types of rocks formed from calcite rocks. | Limestone, Dolomite, Coquina, and Chalk. |
| Name five types of sedimentary rock structures. | Bedding, Cross-bedding, Ripple marks, Mud cracks, and fossils. |
| What are sedimentary structures. | Features that developed during or shortly after deposition of the sediment. These structures helps us understand how the sediments was transported and deposited. |
| Define metamorphic rocks. | Rocks that have changed form stability, due to changes in temperature, pressure, and/or chemistry. |
| Mineralogical changes. | Recrystallization such as simple composition: sandstone (grains) to quartzite (crystals), or mixed minerals can reform to make new minerals such as garnets or gneiss. |
| Name 4 types of metamorphism. | Contact, Burial, Regional dynamothermal, and Hydrothermal. |
| Define Contact metamorphism. | Metamorphism alongside magma intrusion. |
| Define Regional dynamothermal metamorphism. | Metamorphism due to heat and pressure. |
| Define Large system process metamorphism. | Metamorphism due to large plate motion. Creating Slate, phyllite, schist, and migmatite. |
| Define Hydrothermal metamorphism. | Metamorphism from hot chemical fluids (water) that concentrate metals such as: Au, Ag, Cu, Zn |
| Define mineral resources. | Includes ore-such as mineral deposits that can be mined for a profit and non-metallics like sand, gravel, stone. |
| What is the most common ore forming process? | Hydrothermal processes where hot water in cracks/pores. The water comes from 3 sources, granitic water from cooling magma, ground water interaction, and Along mid-ocean ridges. |
| Define Hydrothermal vein. | When metals precipitate in a crack / fracture |
| Define Disseminated ore. | When metals permeate the pores of the country rock |
| Name a submarine hydrothermal system. | Black smokers along mid-ocean ridges can produces Cu, Pb, Zn, Au) |
| Define Manganese nodules. | A potential Pacific resource. |
| Define Placer deposits. | Dense minerals (like gold) get deposited in streams. |
| Define Precipitates. | Dissolved mineral matter gets left behind when water evaporates. Examples include Halite, borax, gypsum, sodium sulfate, etc. |
| Define Mineral Reserves. | Reserves are known amounts of ore in the ground. |
| What determines ore from a rock? | Economics & technology determine which deposit is ore, and which is just rocks. |
| Define Underground mine. | A series of interconnected passages. |
| Define Surface mine. | Hole dug into the surface to find a mineral resource. |
| Key features of Coal. | A combustible rock composed mainly of carbon. Most coal formed 360 to 286 mya. Long use in human history, Usable as fuel without refining, Graded according to chemical characteristics, Reserves should last until ~2200 AD. |
| Key features of Peat | Pre-coal in oxygen deprived bogs, swamps |
| Key features of Petroleum | Formed from organic residue of plants and animals. Burial in mud, slow heating. |
| Define disseminated ore. | When hydrothermal solutions soak into pores in country rock near a vein to create a large but much less concentrated deposit. |
| Define source rock. | The rock that petroleum originates from. |
| Define Oil traps. | Folds or other rock structures that trap rising petroleum. |
| Secondary recovery of petroleum. | Injection of water. |
| Tertiary recovery of petroleum. | Use of superheated steam and/or surfactants. |
| Key Features Natural gas. | Forms when source rock rises above 100°C, Often found with oil, Mainly methane, used as fuel without processing. |
| Define coal bed methane. | Associated with coal seams, Depletes water table, often saline and poses pollution hazard. |
| Definition and extraction of Tar sands. | Sands with heavy oils and bitumen. The sand is scooped up and heated, then treated to separate the sand from the tar. Main locations of tar sands is Alberta, CA, Utah, and Venezuela. |
| Definition and extraction of Oil shales. | Shales contain waxy kerogen, the would be oil some day. The shale is mined, ground up, and heated, the Kerogen turns into petroleum and then refined. |
| Issues with extracting oil from tar sands and oil shales. | Both sands and shales require copious water and high energy inputs to extract. |
| Define Photovoltaics. | Use solar cells to convert light to electricity. |
| Key features of Geothermal Energy. | Using Earth’s internal heat as heat, or for electric generation. US production is over 2 megawatts. |
| Key features of Hydroelectric energy. | Supplies 15-20% of world’s electricity. Dams affect water systems: ecology, Stream dynamics |
| Key features of Biomass energy. | Plant fuels such as Wood, garbage, alcohol, peat, biodiesel, agricultural wastes. The 1st three are most productive. Also Alcohols – used as auto fuel additive and Biodiesel from converted vegetable oils. |
| Key features of Fission reactors. | Reactors using branching chain reactions. They contain a fuel rod, control rods, and heat exchangers used to power a steam turbine. Processing and using nuclear fuels creates radioactive wastes. Used fuels could be recovered. |
| Percentages of energy consumed in US and how to reduce use. | Buildings-39% reduced by using hi-eff bulbs, and LED lights. Industry-33% reduced by using new electric motors. Transportation-28% (50% of oil, and 1/3 of our carbon emissions), reduced by car pooling, using hybrids, smaller vehicles.. |
| What is US usage and production of earth’s oil? | US uses 25% of Earth oil, has 3% of its reserves |
| Define Hubbert’s peak. | The prediction of when oil production will peak and start to decline. |
| What is the most abundant metal in the crust? | Aluminum |
| Key features of Silicate chains. | An independent silicate tetrahedron (Si04-4) a central Silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions located at the apexes. Each oxygen ion can be bond to another silicate tetrahedron, to form single chains, double chains, sheet, and framework silicates. |
| Key features of Rock microstructure. | The texture of a rock and the small scale rock structures. Textures are penetrative fabrics of rocks; they occur throughout the entirety of the rock mass on a microscopic, hand specimen and often on an outcrop scale. |
| Define continious formed rocks. | A gradual formation of metamorphic rocks. |
| Define discontinuous formed rocks. | A formation or metamorphic rocks that is not gradual but occurs in steps. |
| What is Plagioclase? | Plagioclase feldspar where sodium and calcium atoms can substitute for each other in the mineral's crystal lattice structure. |
| What is orthoclase? | Alkali feldspar or K-fledspar. Contains potassium. |
| Describe Bowen's Reaction series. | High H+ of Crystalization Continious Discontinuous Ultramafic Olivine Ca-Feldspar Mafic Pyroxene Na-Feldspar Intermediate Amphibite K-Feldspar Granites Quartz K Feldspar Low H+ of Crystalization Biotite |
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paskadi
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