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AP Biology u1 - u8
midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter is defined as | any substance that takes up space and has mass |
| What is matter made of? | atoms |
| An element is defined as | a pure substance that cannot be broken down to a simpler substance by chemical means |
| A compound is defined as | a fixed ratio of two or more elements combined |
| What are the three most prominent elements in the earth's crust? | Oxygen, silicon, aluminum |
| What does a water molecule consist of? | two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom |
| What kind of bond does a water molecule have? | covalent |
| When does a covalent bond occur? | one atom shares electrons with another |
| What does polar mean? | one end of a molecule has a partial negative charge and the other have a partial positive |
| Electronegativity value is defined as | a number that reflects the ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond |
| Is water a polar molecule? | Yes |
| What kind of bond forms between multiple water molecules? | Hydrogen bond |
| Cohesion is defined as | water's ability to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules |
| Adhesion is defined as | water's ability to form hydrogen bonds with other substances |
| When water is is a solid state, what shape are the molecules arranged in? | crystal |
| When water is in a liquid state, what happens to the hydrogen bonds? | they continuesly break and reform |
| Which is more dense, water or ice? | water |
| What does hydrophilic mean? | water-loving |
| What does hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| Ionic solids are defined as | hydrophilic solids that readily break apart when mixed with water |
| Are hydrophobic substances polar? | no |
| Why can't water dissolve hydrophobic substances? | hydrophobic substances are nonpolar |
| What happens to a water molecule to create a hydroxide ion? | loss of one proton |
| What happens to a water molecule to create a hydronium ion? | gain of one oxygen |
| What does the pH scale measure? | changes in concentration |
| pH = -log[H+] pH = -log10(-7) = - (-7) = 7 [H+][OH-] = 10 (-14) pH Acidic = [H+] > [OH-] Basic = [H+] < [OH-] pOH Acidic = [H+] > [OH-] Basic = [H+] < [OH-] | yes |
| What does an acid do to a solution? | increases the hydrogen ion concentration |
| What does a base do to a solution? | decreases the hydrogen ion concentration |
| What is a buffer? | a solution containing a weak acid and its corresponding base |
| What do buffers do? | resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added |
| What are the four elements living matter on Earth consists of? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| Can carbon bond with multiple other atoms? | yes |
| Can carbon bond with other carbon molecules? | yes |
| Hydrocarbons are defined as | chains that only contain carbon and hydrogen |
| What do hydrocarbons do? | store energy for later |
| What are the six functional groups? | Phosphate, Methyl, Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino |
| What is chemical formula of phosphate? | PO4 |
| What is the chemical formula of Methyl? | CH3 |
| What is the chemical formula of Hydroxyl? | OH |
| What is the chemical formula of Carbonyl? | C = O |
| What is the chemical formula of Carboxyl? | COOH |
| What is the chemical formula of Amino? | NH2 |
| What are the functional properties of Phosphate? | reacts with water to release large quantities of energy |
| What are the functional properties of Methyl? | When a methyl group is bound to DNA it can affect the expression of genes |
| What are the functional properties of Hydroxyl? | for hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules |
| What are the functional properties of Carbonyl? | Often found in sugars |
| What are the functional properties of Carboxyl? | behaves as an acid by donating H+ |
| What are the functional properties of Amino? | behaves as an base by accepting H+ |
| a-, an- | not, without, lacking, absent |
| amphi, ampho | both |
| anti- | against, opposite |
| aqu- | water |
| arthr- | joint, articulation |
| -ase | indicates enzyme presence |
| auto- | self |
| bi- | two |
| bio- | life, living |
| cephal- | head |
| chlor- | green |
| chrom- | color |
| cyt-, -cyte | cell, hollow container |
| derm- | skin |
| di-, diplo- | two, double |
| ecto- | outside |
| en-, endo-, ent- | in, into, within |
| epi- | above, upon, over |
| ex- | from, out |
| gastr- | stomach |
| gene- | origin, birth |
| gyn- | female |
| hapl- | single |
| hem- | blood |
| hemi- | half |
| herb- | plant |
| hetero- | different, other |
| homo- | same |
| hydr- | water |
| hyper- | above, other |
| hypo- | under, below |
| iso- | equal |
| macr- | large |
| micro- | small |
| neur- | nerve |
| photo- | light |
| -phyli | leaf |
| pseudo- | false |
| therm- | heat |
| -troph- | nourishment |
| Prokaryotic cells are defined as | cells that lack membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleotoid, plasmids, a flagella, and cilia |
| What are plasmids? | circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the chromosome |
| Eukaryotic cells are defined as | cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope |
| What is the DNA like in eukaryotic cells? | linear and condenses into tightly packed chromosomes |
| What is the main purpose of microtubules? | shape the cell, guide organelle movement and separate chromosomes of dividing cells |
| What is the main purpose of Microfilaments? | bear tension |
| What is the main purpose of Intermediate filaments? | cell shape and anchor organelles |
| Plasma membrane is defined as | a selective barrier that allows oxygen, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the cell |
| What is the plasma membrane made up of? | phospholipid bilayer |
| Are phospholipids are amphipathic? | Yes |
| What does amphipathic mean? | both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region |
| Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic? | the tails |
| Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic? | the head |
| What are the two types of membrane proteins? | integral and peripheral |
| Where are integral proteins located? | inside the lipid bilayer |
| Where are the peripheral proteins located? | on the surface of the lipid bilayer |
| What is the purpose of membrane proteins? | aid in transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to the cytoskeleton |
| Passive transport is defined as | diffusion of a substance through a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy |
| In passive transport, do the particles move with or against the concentration grain? | With |
| Osmosis is defined as | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| In osmosis, does water move to an area of higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration or the opposite? | Water will flow from an area of lower solute to higher solute |
| A hypotonic solution is defined as | a solution containing a lower solute concentration |
| A hypertonic solution is defined as | a solution containing a higher solute concentration |
| Facilitated diffusion is defined as | passive transport that occurs when a transport protein increases the speed at which a solute move across a membrane down its concentration gradient |
| Gated ion channels use carrier proteins that open and close in response to a stimuli | slay, idk how to form a question out of this |
| Active transport is defined as | movement of solutes across a biological membrane against a concentration gradient |
| Exocytosis is defined as | transport of large substances produced inside the cell to the outside of the cell |
| During exocytosis, the substance is contained in a _____________ before exiting the cell | Vesicle |
| Endocytosis is defined as | transport of large substances produced out of the cell to the inside of the cell |
| How do plant cells communicate? | plasmodesmata |
| Plasmodesmata is defined as | channels that pass through adjoining cell walls connecting chemical environments to allow water and small solutes to move freely between the cells |
| What are three ways animal cells communicate? | tight junction, desmosomes, and gap junctions |
| What is the purpose of tight junctions? | prevent leakage by using proteins to bind the membranes tightly together |
| What is the purpose of desmosomes? | fasten cells together |
| What is the purpose of gap junctions? | allow the passage of materials between cells by surrounding a pore with proteins |
| What are the three stages the nervous system processes information? | sensory input, integration, and motor output |
| What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of? | brain and spinal cord |
| What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of? | neurons |
| What three regions make up neurons? | dendrites, axons, and the cell body |
| What is the purpose of the dendrites? | receive information from neighboring neurons |
| What is the purpose of axons? | extension of the neuron that transmits electrical signals |
| What are the two phases of cell division? | Interphase and the mitotic phase |
| What are the three stages of inerphase? | G1, S, and G2 |
| What happens during the G1 stage of interphase? | the cell grows and makes proteins that are necessary for DNA replication |
| What happens during the S stage of interphase? | DNA replicates |
| What happens during the G2 stage of interphase? | the cell grows and proteins are created that are necessary for mitosis |
| What are the the stages of the mitotic stage? | Cytokinesis and mitosis |
| If cells can't divide what phase do they enter? | G0 |
| What divides during cytokineses? | Cytoplasm |
| Genome is defined as | all of the DNA contained in a cell's nucleus |
| Chromatin is defined as | DNA and some specific proteins |
| What does chromatin condense into? | Chromosomes |
| What makes up chromosomes? | 2 identical sister chromatids |
| What are the sister chromatids held together by? | centromere |
| How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain? | 46 |
| How many chromatids does human gamete cells have? | 23 |
| What are the five stages Mitosis is broken into? | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| How do animal cells perform cytokinesis? | cleavage |
| How do plant cells perform cytokinensis? | cell plate |
| What happens during Prophase? | chromatin condense into chromosomes, nucleus disappears, mitotic spindles appear from the centrosome |
| What are asters? | short microtubules on the nonspindle side side of the centrosome |
| What happens during prometaphase? | nuclear envelops breaks apart, and spindle microtubules to a group of proteins associated with the centromere of each chromosomes called a kinetochore and pulls each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell |
| What happens during Metaphase? | kinetochores align at the metaphase plate |
| What happens during Anaphase? | each chromosome separate due to proteins dissolving and are pulled toward opposite sides of the cell |
| What happens during Telophase? | daughter nuclei form, chromosomes uncoil, and cytokinesis begins |
| How do prokaryotes divide? | binary fission |
| What happens during binary fission? | chromosomes replicate and move to opposite sides of the cell, then cell separates into two identical daughter cells |
| What are the three checkpoints during the cell cycle? | G1, G2, and M |
| What happens at the G1 checkpoint? | a transcription repressor protein is degraded, allowing for the expression of genes needed for DNA replication to occur |
| What allows the cell to proceed through the G1 and G2 checkpoint? | cyclin-dependent protein kinases |
| To pass through checkpoint G2 what must cyclin-dependent protein kinases have? | a cyclin |
| What must happen to pass the M checkpoint? | all chromosomes kinetochores must be attached to the spindle at the metaphase |
| Apoptosis is defined as | cell death |
| What is a common result when checkpoints fail? | cancer |
| What abnormal traits and behaviors do cancer cells do? | excessive division, unusual number of chromosomes, weird cell surfaces, detachment from other cells |
| Cell differentation | become specialized in structure and function and are organized into tissues and organs |
| Morphogenesis | process that gives an organism its shape |
Created by:
Lilly_Floyd
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