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Biology Ch. 7
Bio Ch. 7 Cells & Transport
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Robert Hooke | first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells. |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | made first simple microscope |
| cell theory | idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
| Matthias Schleiden | concluded that all plants are made of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | concluded that all animals are made of cells |
| Rudolf Virchow | concluded that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells |
| compound light microscope | microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image |
| electron microscope | uses magnets to aim a beam of electrons at thin slices of cells; much greater magnification |
| prokaryotic cell | cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. |
| bacteria | single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes |
| eukaryotic cell | cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| endosymbiotic theory | a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes |
| plasma membrane | the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| selectively permeable | A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| fluid mosaic model | model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane |
| cholesterol | in the plasma membrane, functions in preventing the fatty acid tails from entangling |
| transport protein | protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane |
| cell wall | A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell (not found in animal cells) |
| nucleus | Control center of the cell; contains the directions to make proteins (DNA) |
| nucleolus | Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| nuclear envelope (membrane) | A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell |
| ER (endoplasmic reticulum) | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| rough ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. |
| smooth ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes; makes lipids |
| golgi apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| vesicle | small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell |
| vacuole | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells |
| lysosomes | cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
| chloroplast | organelles that capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy for the plant cell to use |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production |
| photosynthesis | Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars |
| chlorophyll | A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
| microtubules | Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and centrioles |
| centrioles | Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only |
| cilia | The short, and numerous hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner |
| flagella | whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| facilitated diffusion | process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through protein channels in the membrane |
| isotonic soluton | a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell; cell has no net gain or loss of water |
| hypertonic solution | Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water |
| hypotonic solution | Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water |
| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane from High to Low concentration (NO energy required) examples are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
| active transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, requiring energy. |
| molecules permeable to the cell membrane | water, lipids, lipid soluble substances |
| endocytosis | the taking IN of substances by the cell membrane folding around it and drawing it in |
| exocytosis | release of substances OUT of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane. |
| cytoplasm | the fluid within a cell |
Created by:
Mrs. Meeks SHS
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