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Life/Biomolecules
Characteristics of life, food and scientific method
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is metabolism? | The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism |
| What are the two types of metabolic reactions and how do they differ? | Catabolic- breaks down complex molecules Anabolic- adding small molecules to make a complex one |
| What is a balanced diet? | Eating the correct amount of every food group |
| Define the continuity of life | All living things arise from other/previous living things |
| What is life? | An organism which shows metabolism and continuity of life |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Organisation, Nutrition, Excretion, Response, Reproduction (ONE RR) |
| What does autotrophic mean? | an organism that can make its own food |
| What does heterotrophic mean? | An organism that has to go out and find food/cannot make its own food |
| What is organisation? | Cells-->tissue-->organ-->organ system-->organism |
| Name three things food is needed for | 1. Energy requirements 2. To provide raw materials for growth and repair 3. To provide chemicals for metabolic reactions |
| What are the 6 common elements in food? (specify which are only found in proteins) | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Protein only: Nitrogen, Phospherus, Sulphur |
| What are the 5 elements found in food dissolved as salts? | Sodium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium |
| What are the 3 trace elements? | Iron, Copper, Zinc |
| What are biomolecules? | Chemicals that are made inside a living thing |
| Name the three main biomolecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins |
| What do all biomolecules contain? | Carbon |
| Give an example of a catabolic reaction | digestion |
| Give an example of an anabolic reaction | anabolic steroids |
| What is the scientific method? | Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data, Conclusion, Publish, Theory |
| Define hypothesis | An educated guess based on observation |
| What is the control in an experiment? | The same |
| What is the independent in an experiment? | The alter |
| What is the dependent in an experiment? | The measure |
| What is CIDSAM? | C-control = S-same I-independent = A-alter D-dependent = M-measure |
| Where might you publish your finding after an experiment? | newspapers, online, scientific journals etc |
| What common elements are present on carbohydrates? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| What is a saccharide? | A sugar |
| What is the chemical formula for glucose? | C6 H12 O6 |
| What is a monosaccharide? | One singular saccharide |
| What is a disaccharide? | Two saccharides |
| What is a polysaccharide? | Several saccharides |
| Name three examples of a monosaccharide | glucose, fructose and galactose |
| Name three examples of a disaccharide | lactose, maltose and sucrose |
| Name three examples of a polysaccharide | starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| What is starch? | glucose storage in plants |
| What is glycogen? | glucose storage in animals |
| What is the function of cellulose? | forms plant cell walls |
| What is the function of carbohydrates and how do they carry out this function? | To provide energy through respiration |
| What common elements are found in lipids? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| What are lipids? | fats and oils |
| What are the two structural types of lipids? | Triglycerides and phospholipids |
| What are four functions of a triglyceride? | energy storage (metabolic reaction), nervous system, insulation/warmth, protection around some organs |
| Name a function of a phospholipid | form cell membranes |
| What does a triglyceride contain? | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| What does a phospholipid contain? | 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate |
| What common elements are always present in proteins? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| What common elements are sometimes present in proteins? | sulphur and phospherus |
| What are proteins made of? | amino acids |
| How many amino acids are there? | 20 |
| What is a dipeptide? | Two amino acids linked together |
| What is a polypeptide? | Several amino acids linked together |
| Name the two types of protein | Globular protein and Fibrous protein |
| Give an example of globular proteins | enzymes |
| Give an example of a fibrous protein | keratin |
| What role do globular proteins have? | They play a role in metabolic chemical reactions |
| What role do fibrous proteins have? | They have a structural role due to their strength |
| How do you test for lipids? | Lipids leave a permanent translucent stain on brown paper |
| What does the biuret test test for? | Proteins |
| What does reducing sugars test for? | carbohydrates, eg glucose |
| What does iodine test for? | starch |
| What are the colour changes in iodine when starch is present? | Iodine will go from brown/red to blue-black if starch is present |
| What chemical is used in the test for protein? | Biuret solution |
| What are the colour changes in biuret solution when protein is present? | Biuret solution will go from blue to purple or lilac in the presence of protein |
| What chemical is used in the test for reducing sugars? | Benedicts Solution |
| What are the colour changes in benedicts solution in the presence of a reducing sugar? | Benedicts will go from blue to brick red (sometimes green or yellow) in the presence of a reducing sugar |
| What is a vitamin? | complex carbon-based compounds that the body cannot make |
| What are the two types of vitamin and give an example of each | Fat Soluable- Vitamin D Water Soluable- Vitamin C |
| Name some sources of Vitamin C | oranges, strawberries, broccoli, green veg etc |
| Name some sources of Vitamin D | sunshine on skin, dairy products, fish oils, egg yolk etc |
| What is vitamin C? | Ascorbic acid |
| What is vitamin D? | Calciferol |
| Name some uses of Vitamin C | healing wounds, helps the immune system, iron absorbtion, formation of connective tissue etc |
| Name a use of vitamin D | helps body absorb calcium etc |
| Name two issues caused by a vitamin C deficiency | Scurvy (rotting/bleeding gums, teeth falling out) and slow healing wounds |
| Name two issues caused by a vitamin D deficiency | Osteoporosis and Rickets |
| Name three important minerals | Iron (FE), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) |
| Name three sources of iron | green veg, red meat, legumes etc |
| Name two sources of calcium | dairy products and calcium in hard water |
| Name two sources of magnesium | whole grain products and green veg |
| Name a use of iron | haemoglobin |
| Name a deficiency disorder related to iron | Anaemia |
| Name a use of calcium in animals | healthy bones and teeth |
| Name a use of calcium in plants | helps hold cell walls together |
| Name a use of magnesium in animals | healthy bones and teeth and the nervous system |
| Name a use of magnesium in plants | helps make chlorophyll |
| Name a deficiency disorder related to calcium | osteoporosis or rickets or weak bones |
| Name a deficiency disorder related to magnesium in animals | weak bones |
| Name a deficiency disorder related to magnesium in plants | poor growth |
| Name four helpful components of water | Is components of cytoplasm and bodily fluid, is a good solvent (transport), is colourless (allows light to pass through) and is a good absorber of heat |
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