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Circulatory System
SWAST EMD Training Pack Refresher Section B: Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system? | - Heart - Blood vessels - Blood |
| A hollow shaped muscular organ sitting in the chest behind the sternum (breastbone) and in-between the lungs. | Heart |
| What is the size of a heart? | About the size of an adult clenched fist |
| Name of the heart chambers at the top | left and right atria (single = atrium) |
| Name of the heart chambers at the bottom | left and right ventricles |
| What are the right and left sides of the heart separated by? | Septum |
| What are the atria and ventricles are separated by? | (Semi lunar) valves |
| What do the semi lunar valves that separate the atria and ventricles do? | Prevents the backflow of blood when the heart contracts |
| The three layers of the heart: | Pericardium (fibrous external 'sack' prevents over stretching the heart) Myocardium (Myo: muscle layer ; Cardio: cardium - heart) Endocardium (smooth interior lining of the heart, prevents blood clots when being pumped through the chambers) |
| Fibrous external 'sack' prevents over stretching the heart | Pericardium |
| The muscle layer of the heart | Myocardium |
| smooth interior lining of the heart, prevents blood clots when being pumped through the chambers of the heart | Endocardium |
| 'Blue' blood vessels | De-oxygenated Blood |
| 'Red' Blood vessels | Oxygenated blood |
| Blood through the heart is what kind of cycle? | Continuous |
| What blood vessel returns deoxygenated blood to the heart? | Vena cava (great veins) |
| Where does the vena cava return deoxygenated blood from? | The bodies organs and tissues |
| Which atrium does the vena cava return deoxygenated blood to? | The right atrium. |
| The right atrium, where does it receive blood from and where does it deliver blood to? | The right atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from the vena cava and contracts to push blood into the right ventricles through the atrioventricular valve. |
| After the right ventricle receives de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium, where does the blood go next? | The right ventricle contracts to push blood to the lungs. |
| How does blood get from the right side of the heart to the lungs in order to become oxygenated? | The pulmonary artery |
| what is the role of the pulmonary artery? | To transport deoxygenated blood from the heart, to the lungs to become oxygenated again. (Blood cells will pick up O2 and get rid of CO2 here due to gaseous exchange) |
| Which side of the heart is oxygenated blood returned to? | The left side of the heart |
| What blood vessel transports oxygenated blood back to the (left side) of the heart? | Via the Pulmonary Vein |
| The pulmonary vein transports blood to which atrium? | The left atrium |
| The left atrium contracts pushing blood into the... | left ventricle |
| What does the left atrium push blood through to get to the left ventricle? | An atrioventricular valve |
| When the left ventricle contracts where does blood flow to? | The aorta |
| Where does the aorta carry oxygenated blood to? | All the bodies organs and tissues |
| Oxygenated blood transfers oxygen to all of the body tissues and body organs, then what happens to this blood and where doe sit go? | It becomes de-oxygenated and the blood returns back to the right side of the heart via the vena cava. |
| The heart has its own built in 'e............' conduction system | Electrical |
| What does the hearts electrical conduction system do? | It stimulates the hearts muscular wall (myocardium) to contract rhythmically to create a wave of blood flow through the heart to create a pulse. |
| What happens what the heart contracts as a result of an electrical conduction | Blood in pushed around/ out of the heart and creates a pulse |
| How the hearts electrical function works | The electrical conduction is sent throughout the heart that determines the timing of the heartbeat and causes the heart to beat in a co-ordinated, rhythmic pattern. |
| How are the hearts electrical signals/impulses generated? | By a clamp of specialized tissue called the sinoatrial (SA) node. |
| What does the Sinus node do? | Generates an electrical impulse that spreads through the hearts upper chambers (atria). This impulse spreads across the atria, stimulating the contraction & pumping of blood into the ventricles. |
| The pulse from the sinus node spreads to which other node next? | Atrioventricular node |
| What is the atrioventricular node? | A clump of specialised tissue located between the atria and the ventricles. It momentarily slows down the spread of the electrical impulse, to allow the left and right atria to finish contracting. |
| From the AV node, the impulse spreads into a system of specialised fibber's called the 'H..................' | HIS bundle & the right and left bundle branches. |
| What do the HIS bundle fibres do? | Distribute the electrical impulse rapidly to all areas of the ventricles, stimulating them to contract in a co-ordinated way. |
| What do the Right vs Left ventricles pump to? | Right: to the lungs Left: throughout the body |
| What is the function of arteries? | Carry blood away from the heart. |
| What is the structure of arteries? | Strong outer wall and have thick muscle and gradually divide into smaller arterioles. |
| What is the function of arterioles? | To dilate and contract to control blood flow into the capillary bed |
| What is the function of capillaries? | Allow gaseous exchange and nutrient/ waste transfer. (one cell thick) |
| What is the structure of capillaries? | Capillaries are thin single cell walls that are semi permeable and most numerous in the body. |
| What is the function of venules? | Dilate and control of blood flow out of the capillary bed, returning blood back to the heart. |
| What is the function of veins? | carry blood to the heart aided by muscular contraction and suction from the heart |
| What is the structure of veins? | They have valves to help prevent back blood flow. |
| Blood from the heart is carried by which 'red', oxygenated blood vessels? | Arteries and arterioles |
| Blood from the heart is carried by which 'blue', de-oxygenated blood vessels? | Veins and venules |
| What is blood pressure? | The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. |
| What is pulse? | The pulsation felt when an artery passes over a bone. |
| What is Venous Return? | Where the body has mechanisms to assist blood flow back to the heart. The contraction of the left ventricle is not enough on its own to return blood to the heart to maintain circulation. |
| What are the 5 aids for venous return? | Body Position Skeletal muscle contraction Respiratory movements Heart suction Valves |
| What is the composition of blood as solids and liquids? | 55% liquid. 45% solid |
| What composes of the solid part of blood? | White and red blood cells, platelets and plasma. |
| How many ml of blood per kilo of adult? | Usually around 70ml |
| Blood volumes for adult male, adult female and an infant per kilo? | adult male 75ml/kg, adult female 65ml/kg, infant 80ml/kg |
| Brainstorm all the functions of blood (8 listed) | Carry O2 & CO2 in red blood cells CO2 dissolved plasma Carry Nutrients Carry waste products Distribute hormone secretions Distribute heat from muscle to skin Protect body from infection (white blood cells) Seal wounds by clotting (platelets) |
| Coronary Circulation, how does it occur? | The best blood from the start of the aorta is kept for the heart itself, the heart has its own blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium. |
| The blockage of the coronary artery results in... | The blockage of the coronary artery results in angina or heart attacks. |
| Pulmonary circulation | Pulmonary circulation; deoxygenated blood -> right side of heart to lungs via pulmonary artery, blood becomes oxygenated once in lungs, blood is returned to left side of heart via pulmonary veins |
| Systemic circulation | Systemic circulation; Oxygenated blood from lungs -> left side heart. Ejected through aorta to deliver blood to tissues (muscles and organs in the body). Deoxygenated blood returns to right side of heart via vena cava from tissues. |
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paramedicscienceUK
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