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Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell cycle | Highly regulated series of events for growth & reproduction of cells |
| IPMATC | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
| Interphase | Growth + prep Makes up 90% of cell cycle Has 3 parts: G1, S, G2 |
| G1 | Cells will grow here for the beginning of DNA replication |
| S | Responsible for the synthesis or replication of DNA |
| G2 | A period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus |
| Role of mitosis | Plays a role in growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction |
| Cytokinesis | Follows mitosis and is the division of cytoplasms to ensure equal distribution |
| G0 | Cells can enter so no cell division will occur |
| Prophase | Nuclear envelope begins to disappear DNA coils into visible chromosomes Condensing chromosomes |
| Metaphase | Fibers align double chromosomes in the center of the cell |
| Anaphase | Fibers separates the chromosomes and pulls them apart |
| Telophase | Nuclear envelope is established into two separate nuclei Chromosomes will begin to uncoil |
| Asexual | Is by binary fission or mitosis |
| Sexual | Through meiosis |
| Mutations | Any genetic variation among offspring |
| Somatic cells | Body cells not for reproduction |
| Conditions for cell to divide | Must have reproductive signal, replication of DNA, segregation, and cytokinesis |
| Ori(origin) | Where replication of circular chromosome starts |
| Ter(termius) | Site where replication ends |
| Kinetochores | Specialized proteins structures on chromatids for chromosome movement |
| Karyotype | How to identify/classify organism |
| Spindle | Form during prophase out of the centromere microtubules |
| Microtubules | Determines the shape of the cell |
| Differences between prokaryotes & eukaryotes | Eukaryotes have more than 1 chromosomes Eukaryotes have closely associated chromosomes with nuclei Cytokinesis is different |
| Trait | A variation in an inherited characteristic |
| Heredity | Passing on of traits from parents to their offspring |
| Genetics | The study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits |
| Punnett square | A visual representation of a cross between 2 individuals |
| Gene | A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity |
| Alleles | 1 of 2 or more variants of a gene that determines a particular trait for a characteristic |
| Purebred | An organism that passes down a certain phenotype to offspring |
| Hybrid | 2 different alleles of the same gene |
| Phenotype | The observable traits expressed by an organism |
| Genotype | Underlying genetic makeup, consists of both visible and non-expressed alleles |
| Heterozygous | Two different alleles for a gene |
| Homozygous | Two identical alleles for a gene |
| Dominant | Describes a trait that masks another trait when both genes are present |
| Recessive | A trait that is expressed only when the genotype is homozygous |
| Diploid | The presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism |
| Haploid | The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism |
| Chromosome | Is a long condensed DNA molecule found in the nucleus Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes |
| Chromatin | The DNA begins wrapping around histone proteins When going through cell division, the DNA will start getting condensed |
| Chromatid | Is each individual strand into which the chromosomes divides into half of the duplicated chromosome |
| Centromere | Is like the center of a chromosome |
| Sister chromatids | Two identical chromatids formed during the replication of a chromosome during S-phase |
| Homologous pairs | Carry information for the same genes but may not be the same alleles Get one from mom and dad |
| Tetrad | Two pairs of chromosomes and 4 daughter cells Formed only in meiosis |
| MITOSIS vs Meiosis | Replicates DNA during interphase One division 2 daughter cell, each are diploids Genetically identical to parents Produces cells for growth & repail |
| MEIOSIS vs Mitosis | Replicates DNA once during interphase Two divisions Homologous chromosomes form tetrads & cross over before prophase I 4 haploid daughter cells Genetically different to parent Produce gametes & introduces genetic variability |
| Meiosis | Results in daughter cells with half the # of chromosomes as the parent cell Has meiosis I and II |
| Meiosis I | Prophase I is normal Anaphase I will move each double chromosome to the opposite sides of the cell Telophase I will establish two separate nuclei that contains only one double chromosome |
| Parent cell of mitosis | Starts off as diploid |
| Parent cell of meiosis | Starts off as diploid |
| Meiosis II | Just like mitosis but will start with haploid and not diploid |
| Meiosis vs mitosis one more time | All start with a single chromosome(tid) This will then replicate For meiosis, the replicated chromosome will form a homologous pair with mom and dad Then mom and dad will separate through Meiosis I |
| Genetic diversity | Range of different inherited traits within a species |
| Crossing over | Nonsister chromatids of homologous pairs will exchange segments to increase genetic diversity |
| Recombinant chromatids | Occur from crossing over |
| Fertilization | Is random so can lead to genetic diversity |
| Synapsis | Pairing of two chromosomes during meiosis |
| Chiasma | A point where genetic info is exchanged |
| Independent assortment | Genes get assorted into gametes independently leading to more genetic diversity |
| Law of segregation | Gene copies are randomly assorted to the gametes |
| Gamete | Are an organism's haploid reproductive cells, carrying only one copy of each chromosome |
| Zygotes | A diploid cell formed by the fusing of two gametes |
| Nondisjunction | Failure of chromosomes(tids) to separate at Anaphase |
| Aneuploidy | Condition of having an extra or missing chromosome |
| Polyploidy | Most organisms are either diploid or haploid but some are tri or tetraloid as result of extra replication |
| Ploidy | Complete set of all the chromosomes |
| Translocation | Chromatids in non-homologous chromosomes break and rejoin with other chromatids |
| Codominance | 2 equally dominant alleles |
| Linked genes | On the same chromosome Will change the offspring rations |
| Sex-linked traits | Genes that are on sex chromosomes, typically X |
| Incomplete | A heterozygous offspring where the two alleles is equal and results in partial phenotypic expression |
| Epistasis | One gene completely masks another gene |
| Lethal | A genotypic expression that results in death |
Created by:
whnd
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