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Unit 4

TermDefinition
Signal transduction pathway Sequence of molecular events & chemical reactions that lead to a cell's response
Hormones Signals to far away cells through circulatory system
Short-term response Activate or de-activate enzymes
Long-term response Alteration in gene expression
Ligand An ion or molecule that initiates the signal by binding to receptors non-covalently
Receptors Proteins that are either inside or on the cell membrane If inside the cell membrane, then ligand must be lipid-soluble
Protein kinase Generally catalyze ATP reactions, phosphorylates
Phosphorylates Introduces a phosphate group and adds it through
Phosphorylation cascade Sequence of signalling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates a chain of reactions
G-Protein Will switch GDP to GTP to activate an effector(a molecule to activate a receptor)
2nd messenger Small molecules that relay signals received on surface proteins to the next effector receptor
Result of signalling Results in activation/deactivation of ion channels, change to gene expression, alteration of enzyme activity
Growth factors Variety of substances that stimulate cell division & differentiation
Cyclin-dependent kinases(CDK) Protein kinase that catalyze the phosphorylation of target proteins that regulate the cell cycle
Necrosis Cells damaged by mechanical, toxic, or no oxygen/nutrients
Apoptosis Programed series of events for cell death
Positive feedback Will amplify the change and move further away from homeostasis
Ex. of positive feedback Blood clotting WIll call upon more clotting factors until wound will stop
Negative feedback Will inhibit change to return to homestasis
Cyclins Binds to corresponding CDK
Tumor suppressor Will stop and slow down cell division
Oncogenes Will expedite cell division
Normal signal Signal -> receptor -> effector -> cascade OR receptor -> transduction -> response
Autocrine Self-signalling
Paracrine Signalling that is close to each other
Endocrine Uses bloodstream to carry a hormone
G1 checkpoint Checks if cell is ready for S-phase
G2 Checks to ensure cell is ready for mitosis
Transduction Converts signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response
Activate pathways Will amplify the downstream reactions
Inhibit pathways WIll lead to downstream reactions no occuring
Created by: whnd
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