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Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Enzymes | Are proteins that are catalysts to speed up chemical reactions Will often end in ase Enzymes specifically will lower activation energy Binds to its respective substrate |
| Activation energy | The initial starting energy needed for a reaction |
| Affecting enzymes | pH, temperature, and presence of inhibitors |
| Denature | Enzyme will denature when too far from optimum pH or too hot temperature |
| Substrate | The molecule that enzymes react with due to the right chemical properties |
| Active site | The part of the enzyme that the substrate will bind to |
| Allosteric site | The other site of an enzyme that if binded to may activate or inhibit enzyme activity |
| Competitive inhibitor | Resembles the substrate and will bind to the enzyme's active site |
| Non-competitive inhibitor | Will bind to the allosteric site and cause the enzyme to change shape |
| Enzyme efficiency | Dependent of relative concentrations of substrates and products |
| Metabolism | Sum total of all chemical reactions occuring |
| Anabolic | Synthesis, where energy is captured |
| Catabolic | Hydrolysis, releasing energy |
| Cofactor | Inorganic ions that bind to certain enzymes |
| Coenzyme | Like a substrate that will add or remove chemical groups |
| Irreversible inhibitor | Covalently bonds with amino side chain at active site |
| Allosteric regulation | Bind to allosteric site results in activation of formerly inactive enzyme |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | state of entropy(randomness) will always increase |
| Redox(uber) | oxidation or reduction reaction involves a transfer of elections |
| OIL RIG | Oxidation is loss(of electrons) Reduction is gain(of electrons) |
| Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)(Battery) | breaks the bond to release energy |
| Energy transfer equation | C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy |
| Sunlight | Main energy input for living systems |
| Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis captures energy from sun and produces sugar Takes place in the chlorophyll |
| Prokaryotic photosynthesis | Responsible for oxygen in atmosphere lots of years in the past |
| Pigments | Transform light energy into chemical energy |
| NADPH | Carrier molecules in photosynthesis that accept electrons |
| Photosystem 1 | Comes second Imbedded in internal membrane of chloroplast Passes high-energy electrons to the ETC and to NADH+ Gets these electrons from the last carrier of PS 2 Reduces NADP+ to NADPH |
| Photosystem 2 | Comes first Imbedded in internal membrane of chloroplast Passes high-energy electron to ETC by taking one from H2O Produces ATP through proton gradient/synthase Oxidizes water |
| Proton gradient | Difference in concentration of protons(hydrogen ions) across membrane |
| ATP synthase | An enzyme that creates ATP when protons pass through gradient |
| Calvin cycle | Uses ATP & NADPH to produce glucose and carbs Does this by fixing CO2 into a reduced form |
| CO2 fixation | Initial reaction turns CO2 to an acceptor molecule(RuBP) product is 6-carbon molecule broken into 2(3PG) Turns CO2 into organic materials |
| Reduction of 3PG | Most G3p ends up as RuMP which becomes RuBP after addition of ATP |
| Regeneration of RuBP | Extra G3P is exported out of chloroplast to become sugars and stuff |
| Light | Form of electromagnetic radiation, otherwise known as light waves |
| Wavelength energy | The shorter the wavelength, the greater then energy |
| Photon absorbance | Light is like photons, only when absorbed can energy be gained |
| Photobiology | Study of light |
| Chlorophyll | Plants have a chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b Found in chloroplast Pigment to absorb light |
| Chlorophyll absorbing energy | Chlorophyll will become oxidized after releasing absorbed energy Energy is accepted by acceptor molecule(reduced now) |
| NADPH | Final electron acceptor |
| NADP+ | Coenzyme that is an universal electron carrier |
| G3P | Starting point for the synthesis of carbs |
| RuBP | Will generate into a 6-carbon molecule |
| RuMP | Most of G3P will end up as RuMP as the starting point for carbon fixation |
| RuBisCO | An enzyme that will catalyze the turning of CO2 into organic matter |
| Cellular respiration | Will take place in the mitochondria Uses energy from biological macromolecules to produce ATP When oxygen is available |
| Fermentaton | Will take place in the cytoplasm Uses energy from biological macromolecules to produce ATP When oxygen is unavailable Products are lactic acid or alcohol |
| Electron Transport Chain(ETC) | Located in the inner membrane of mitochondria Series of complexes that will create an electrochemical gradient Will transfer electron donors and acceptors through redox stuff |
| Glycolysis | First step in cell resp. Process in which glucose is broken down for energy Produces two pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and water |
| Chemiosmosis | Development of electrochemical gradient later used for the ATP synthase |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Flow of protons to generate ATP process which ATP synthase is coupled to chemiosmosis If decoupled, will generate heat |
| Photophosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation but for photosynthesis |
| ADP + Pi | Process to form ATP |
| NADH/FADH2 | Electron acceptors for cell respiration |
| CoA | Acetyl CoA is used to add acetyl groups during the krebs cycle |
| Krebs cycle | Start materials is reproduced at the end Takes acetyl CoA as starting material Will harvest lots of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 |
| Pyruvate | End product of glycolysis |
| Fitness | Ability to survive, find a mate, and produce offspring |
| Positive control | A test where you will get an expected result |
| Negative control | A baseline experiment where you remove a variable so you can get an expected result of nothing |
| Experimental control | What you are testing or the independent variable stuff |
| Indicator | They just help monitor the results |
| Constants | Things that do not change for all tests |
Created by:
whnd
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