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Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Interstitial fluid | Consists mainly of water and is the substance that surrounds cells |
| Cell membrane | Semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell |
| Plasma membrane | Separates the interior environment of a cell from the outer environment |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Made of back-to-back lipid molecules that allow for diffusion of certain cells |
| Compartamentalization | Cell membranes of organelles increase efficiency by minimizing competing interactions and maintaining pH |
| Organelles | Small structure in a cell that has a specific function |
| Prokaryotes | Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (Archae & bacteria) |
| Eukaryotes | Organisms that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (contains organelles) |
| Ribosomes | Found in all forms of life Bound to the ER, nuclear envelope, and in cytoplasm |
| Role of ribosomes | Sythesize proteins according to mRNA sequence based on RNA |
| Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) | Network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotes |
| Smooth ER | Connected to the nuclear envelope |
| Rough ER | Generally near the nucleus or Golgi apparatus |
| Role of smooth ER | Functions as lipid synthesis or detoxification and helps out the golgi apparatus |
| Role of rough ER | Involved with production, folding, and control of some proteins Associated with packaging of newly synthesized proteins for export |
| Nuclear envelope | Separates the contents of the nucleus from cytoplasm that provides the structure of a nucleus |
| Golgi appartus | Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells near the nucleus |
| Role of golgi appartus | Involved with correct folding and modification of new proteins Further sorted for transportation |
| Mitochondria | Has a double membrane(outer is smooth, inner is convoluted) |
| Cristae | Ridges or the folds of the inner membrane |
| Matrix | Space within the inner membrane |
| Role of mitochondria | Synthesizes the production of ATP energy for cell work Where ETC and ATP synthase take place |
| Lysosomes | Membrane-enclosed sacs found in eukaryotic cells that contain enzymes |
| Role of lysosomes | The hydrolytic enzymes can be used to digest a variety of materials |
| Vacuoles | Membrane-bound sacs that store water found in the cytoplasm |
| Role of vacuoles | Storage or release of H20, hydromolecules, or release of waste |
| Chloroplast | Double-outer membrane organelle that is found only in plant cells |
| Thylakoid | Contains chlorophyll and is flattened sacs inside a chloroplast and arranged in stacks called grana |
| Stroma | Fluid in-between inner chloroplast membrane and outside of thylakoids |
| Chlorophyll | Pigments that are responsible for the green color of plants |
| Role of chloroplasts | Captures energy from sun and results in production of sugar |
| Volume of cell | Determines amount of metabolic activity |
| SA of cell | Determines amount of substance that can enter or exit |
| Nucleoid | Region where DNA is located |
| Cytoplasm | Always moving Fluid inside the cell has cytosol(aqueous part) |
| Cell wall | Rigid layer outside of plasma membrane typically found in plants and bacteria |
| Flagella | Protein that helps the movement of cells |
| Cytoskeleton | Helps to maintain the shape of cells |
| Endosymbiosis | Free-living aerobic prokaryote that was engulfed by an anaerobic cell through endocytosis |
| Endocytosis | The taking in of matter to form a vacuole with the contents |
| Exocytosis | A process where the contents of a cell vacuole is released as vacuole fuse with the cell membrane |
| Origin of eukaryotes | Formed by the fusion of two prokaryotic groups |
| More SA | More infolding as a result of flexible cell walls |
| Phagocytosis | Ability to engulf and digest other cells |
| Flaws of volume | Increase in volume makes it harder to meet nutrient demand |
| Amphipathic | Both polar and nonpolar(phospholipid) |
| Peripheral protein | Loosely bound to surface of membrane(hydrophillic) |
| Integral protein | Spans the membrane(phillic on the outside, phobic on inside of the bilayer) |
| Functions of membrane protein | Transport Cell-cell recognition Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Intercellular joining |
| Glycoprotein | Attached to membrane for cell-cell recognition |
| Glycolipid | Function to maintain the stability of the membrane |
| Cholestrol(steroid) | Wedged between phospholipid in cell membrane in order to regulate bilayer fluidity |
| Function of cholestrol | Increase in temperature results in less fluidity and vice versa Longer chains lead to less fluidity |
| Fluid mosaic model | mosaic of protein molecules in fluid bilayer, shows that plasma membrane is fluid |
| Transport proteins | Acts as a transport through membrane |
| Channel | Hydrophillic tunnel that allows specific molecules to pass |
| Carrier | Changes shape to move target molecule through membrane |
| Concentration gradient | Difference between concentrations, often separated by membrane |
| High to low | Is the way things go |
| Passive transport | Diffusion based on high to low |
| Diffusion | Is the net movement freely |
| Active transport | Input of ATP is needed to go from low -> high Uses carrier proteins called pumps |
| Aquaporins | Water passage transport |
| Cotransport | The coupled transport of two distinct molecules |
| Symport | Movement of the two molecules in the same directions |
| Antiport | Movement of the two molecules in different directions |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane |
| Transmembrane protein | Protein that extends through bilayer |
| Diffusion speed | Depends on diameter, temperature, or concentration gradient |
| Hypertonic | Where the solute concentration is greater |
| Hypotonic | Where the solute concentration is less |
| Isotonic | Equal solute concentration |
| Osmotic pressure | Minimum pressure required to be applied to a solution to halt flow of solvent molecule |
| Water potential | Potential for water to move |
| Role of water potential | Higher water potential will move into lower water potential |
| Bars | Units for pressure |
| Solute pressure | Pressure from what is in the cell(more solutes, less pressure) |
| Pressure potential | Like the physical squeezing of the cells |
| Osmolarity | Total solute concentration in a solution |
| Tonicity | Measurement of relative concentrations inside and outside of cells |
| Water movement | Move towards higher solute potential |
| Osmoregulation | In plant cells, maintains the balance & control of internal solute composition |
Created by:
whnd
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