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Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical bond | An attractive force that links two atoms together |
| Ionic bond | Opposite charges |
| Covalent bond | Sharing electrons |
| Hydrogen bond | Sharing H+ atom |
| Hydrophobic | Repels polar water |
| Hydrophilic | Attracted to polar water |
| Cohesion | Water is attracted to water |
| Adhesion | Water is attracted to other substances |
| Surface tension | Water property that results from cohesion of water to allow other substances to stand on water |
| Heat capacity | Heat required to raise temperature by 1 degree |
| Functional group(FG) | Group of atoms consistently found together with special properties |
| Hydroxyl FG | Polar and bonds with water to dehydration synthesis |
| Aldehyde FG | C = O group is very reactive |
| Carbonyl FG | C = O is important in carbs and energy reaction |
| Carboxyl FG | Acidic and will enter into synthesis reactions by giving up OH |
| Amino FG | Basic and enters into synthesis reactions by giving up H+ |
| Phosphate FG | Negative and enters synthesis by giving up OH |
| Sulfhydryl FG | By giving up H can form disulfide bridge |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules formed by covalent linkage of smaller molecules |
| Protein | Formed from different combination of 20 amino acids Made up of carbon and nitrogen |
| Carbohydrates | Giant molecules formed by linking chemically similar sugar monomers Made up of carbon |
| Monomer | A small molecule |
| Nucleic acid | Formed from 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together in a long chain Made up of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| Nucleotide | An organic molecule formed by a nucleoside and phosphate |
| Nucleoside | Responsible for encoding, transmitting, and expressing genetic stuff |
| Lipids | Form large structures from set of small molecules Made up of carbon and maybe phosphorus |
| Dehydration synthesis | Removal of water to link monomers together |
| Hydrolysis | Addition of water to break a polymer into monomers |
| Polymers | Formed by monomers |
| Roles of carbs | Source of stored energy Used to transport energy Function as structural molecules Serve as signalling molecules |
| Monosaccharides | Relatives simple molecules with up to 7 carbons |
| Pentose(5-carbon sugar) | Ribose and Deoxyribose(used in RNA and DNA) |
| Hexoses(6-carbon sugar) | Mannose, Galactose, Glucose, Fructose |
| Glycosidic Linkage | Formed by monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis |
| Oligosaccharides | Several monosaccharides with special properties |
| Polysaccharides | Large polymers of monosaccharides |
| Starch | Principle energy storage compound of plants |
| Glycogen | Water-soluble, highly branched polymer of glucose |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide of glucose but with more stable molecules |
| Role of lipids | Hydrophobic Stores energy in C-C and C-H bonds Important structural roles from its insolubility Serves as thermal insulation |
| Triglycerides(simple lipids) | Contains 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule |
| Fatty acid | large nonpolar hydrocarbon chain attached to carboxyl |
| Gylcerol | 3 OH groups |
| Saturated fatty acid | Bonds between carbon atoms are single so it is relatively straight and rigid and can pack tightly together |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Has 1 or more double bond and will create kinks and cannot pack tightly |
| Kinks | Determine the fluidity and melting point of lipid(more kinks = more fluidty and reduced melting point) |
| Phospholipids | Have amphipatic properties from phosphate and will form the plasma membrane |
| amphipatic | Have hydrophilic and phobic properties |
| Role of nucleic acid | Polymers specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic info |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) | Encodes hereditary info used to specify amino acid of a protein Double helix |
| Ribonucleic acid(RNA) | To create proteins Single helix |
| Oligonucleotides | Uses RNA molecules to begin duplication of DNA |
| Polynucleotides | Nucleic acids that have DNA & RNA |
| Nucleobases | Adenine, Cyosine, Guanine, Uracil, Thymine |
| Sugar | usually ends in -ose |
| Pyrimidine | A 6-membered base that is either thymine, cytosine, or uracil |
| Purine | A chemical compound that is adenine or guanine |
| DNA and RNA forming | Form with a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleobase Complementary base pairings will bond covalently(A-T, C-G, A-U) Will be bonded by 3' to the 5 |
| Roles of proteins | Enzymes catalyze reactions Can help repair and build tissues Coordinate bodily functions Receive and send signals Store building blocks Transport Literally everything |
| Amino acids | Made up of functional groups:nitrogen & carboxylic acid |
| 20 aminos | 5 are electrically charged to attract water and ions 5 have polar sidechain, hydrophillic 7 that are nonpolar, hydrophobic, and clustered in protein interior 3 that are generally hydrophobic |
| Oligopeptides(peptides) | Can form short polymers of <20 |
| Primary structure | Sequence of aminos determines primary structure |
| Secondary structure | Folding of the structure within a polypeptide |
| Polypeptide | Longer chain of amino acids |
| Tertiary structure | Interaction of R group with other molecules |
| R group | Represents any group that a carbon or hydrogen atoms attaches too Will determine versatility(philic, charged) |
| Quaternary structure | Association of several protein chains |
| Denature | To take or reduce the qualities of Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are all formed by hydrogen bonds so when heated will denature |
| Free energy | Measure of available energy to do work |
| Activation energy | Minimum quantity of energy needed to undergo a reaction |
Created by:
whnd
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