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Respiratory System
SWAST EMD Training Pack Refresher Section A: Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The four main functions of the respiratory system | 1. Remove oxygen from the air and transfer it to the blood via the lungs. 2. Remove water and carbon dioxide from the body (waste products). 3. Maintain normal acid-base balance in the blood 4. Ventilate the lungs |
| How much oxygen is typically in room air? | 21% |
| Carbon dioxide inhaled and exhaled levels | 0.04% inhaled, 5% exhaled. Expired air has a lower oxygen level. |
| Upper respiratory system: | The nose, pharynx (area behind the nose), larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe). |
| Role of the upper respiratory system: | To warm, moisten and filter inhaled air. |
| What surgical procedure can result in the patient no longer breathing through their mouth and nose but through an opening in the neck? | Tracheostomy |
| Positioning of the lungs in the body | beneath the collar bone and above the diaphragm |
| What do the lungs consist of? | Bronchi, Secondary Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli |
| What is between the lungs | Heart, major blood vessels, respiratory tract and oesophagus. |
| Which lung has three lobes and which has two? | Right lung has three lobes, left lung has two (this is to accommodate for the heart). |
| Membrane covering the lungs | pleural cavity |
| Use of the pleural cavity | frictionless movement of the lungs to expand and relax. (any problems with this membrane can cause pain with breathing) |
| Lower respiratory system (tract): | The trachea (windpipe), bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli. |
| Gaseous exchange | Gas exchange is the biological process through which gases are transferred across cell membranes to either enter or leave the blood. O2 in, CO2 out |
| Function of the epiglottis | A flop of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. It's main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're eating to prevent food entering your airway. |
| Inspiration (breathing in) | The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract causing the diaphragm to flatten and ribs to move upwards and outwards. This causes the thoracic cavity to increase in size and such air is drawn into the lungs (active). |
| Expiration (breathing out) | A passive process, using the elastic recoil of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles forcing air out. |
| Normal respiration rate for a new-born <30 days | 30-40 breaths/minutes |
| Normal respiration rate for a infant >30 days to 1 year | 25-40 breaths/minutes |
| Normal respiration rate for a child (>1 year) | 20-25 breaths/minutes |
| Normal respiration rate for an adult | 12-20 breaths/minutes |
| Factors that increase respiration rate | Exercise, Shock, Anxiety, Pain, Illness, |
| Factors that decrease respiration rate | Brain injuries, Strokes, Drugs (e.g. morphine), Peri-arrest conditions (condition where the patient is close to death) |
| Conditions that will affect normal lung function | Illness & injury |
| External Respiration | The exchange of oxygen and gasses between lung tissue and the environment. |
| Failure of external respiration | Suffocation, asthma, or COPD. |
| Internal respiration | Occurs at cellular level where gasses (oxygen) move from the blood (circulatory system) and into the cells at the level of the tissues. |
| Diffusion | Where substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a semi permeable membrane until an equilibrium is reached. |
| Medical term for increased breathing rate | Tachypnea |
| Medical term for increased effort to breathe (work of breathing) | Dyspnoea |
| Signs and Symptoms of breathing difficulty | Tachypnea (increased breathing rate), Dyspneoa (increased effort to breathe (work of breathing)), use of accessory muscles, pale, cool, clammy skin. |
| Ineffective breathing | Life threatening situation for the patient where the patient is no longer able to breathe effectively using their own effort and therefore starts to show signs and symptoms that their body is no longer able to cope. |
| Ineffective breathing terms (MPDS) | 'barely breathing' 'can't breathe (at all)' 'fighting for air' AGONAL BREATHING 'gasping for air' 'just a little' 'making funny noises' 'not breathing' 'turning blue/purple' |
| Signs and symptoms that a patient has ineffective breathing | Patient is no longer alert patient may be confused or agitated (brain not receiving sufficient oxygen to function correctly) Patient my have cyanosis blue/purple skin (lips, fingertips, face etc) |
| Cyanosis | blue/purple skin Not enough oxygen in your blood or poor blood circulation. Caused by lung problems, like asthma or pneumonia. airways like choking or croup. heart, like heart failure or congenital heart disease. |
| Leaf shaped flap at the top of the windpipe to prevent food entering | Epiglottis |
| Muscle which contracts and flattens to cause inhalation | Diaphragm |
| Muscles between the chest wall that cause the chest wall to expand during inhalation | Intercostal muscles |
| Collective term for chronic airway conditions including asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis | COPD |
| Respiration that occurs at a cellular level where gasses (oxygen) move from the blood (circulatory system) and into the cells | Internal respiration |
| Difficult or laboured breathing | Dyspnoea |
| Age group where 12-20 breaths is 'normal' | adult |
| Age group where 25-40 breaths is 'normal' | 30 days > to 1 year |
| Age group where 30-40 breaths is 'normal' | New born <30 days |
| Age group where 20-25 breaths is 'normal' | child >1 years |
| Tracheostomy | A surgical procedure where someone breathe through their neck instead of their mouth and nose. |
| Blue/ purple colour of the lips caused by insufficient oxygen | Cyanosis |
| The windpipe | trachea |
| Rapid breathing | Tachypnoea |
| Air sacks in the lungs that allow for the exchange of oxygen and gasses | alveoli |
Created by:
paramedicscienceUK
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