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Bacteria and Viruses
test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the two groups of bacteria and how do they differ? | Archaebacteria (smaller group): cell wall made of lipids Eubacteria (largest group): cell made of peptidoglycan |
| What are the main shapes of bacteria? | Bacilli - rod shaped Spirilla - spiral shaped Cocci - spherical shaped |
| What is the most common staining technique used to observe and identify bacteria? | gram stain |
| What part of the bacteria is stained and what are the two colors shown in a typical Gram stain? | Cell wall Pink = gram negative Purple = gram positive |
| Name the four conditions needed for optimal growth of bacteria. | Moisture Darkness warmth Food source |
| How are bacteria classified based on their oxygen requirements? | Anaerobic without oxygen Aerobic has oxygen Obligate aerobes = need oxygen obligate anaerobes = cant have oxygen |
| Why are bacteria important to us? (good and bad) | Good- decompose organic matter, fix nitrogen (make nitrogen), convert sugar into organic acids, photosynthesis Bad- causes sickness |
| How do antibiotics affect bacteria? | destroy the cell wall, destroy the DNA, prevents protein synthesis, |
| What is meant by “resistance” in bacteria? | when bacteria is no longer affected by the antibiotic |
| What is an “endospore?” How is it different from a “plasmid”? | Endospore = dormant structures that survive unfavorable conditions Plasmid = extra loops of DNA that are separate from the normal gene code |
| What are some ways we use to prevent food from spoiling? | take away a growth requirement, canning, refrigerate, dehydration, curing, radiation |
| how do bacteria reproduce | binary fission, conjugation |
| Briefly explain how viruses were discovered. Where do viruses get their name? | Tobacco leaf experiment latin for poison |
| What is the basic makeup of viruses? | capsid - outside coat made of 95% protein core - strand of DNA or RNA (makes up other 5%) |
| What are the growth requirements of a virus? | need a living host cell |
| Why are viruses considered “nonliving?” | no cell parts (ACELLULAR) |
| Outline and briefly explain the stages of the lytic cycle. What does “lysis” mean? | Attachment - virus attaches to host entry - DNA gets in Synthesis - makes virus parts (capsid and core) assembly - put the parts together lysis and release - breaks Lysis means break down |
| How is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle? | the virus DNA becomes part of the host cell DNA |
| How is a temperate virus different from a virulent virus? | temperature means lies dormant (doesnt cause sickness right away) virulent means causes sickness right away |
| How is a retrovirus different from a typical virus? | RNA makes DNA |
| What is the most well-known retrovirus? | HIV |
| What is a viroid? How is it different from a prion? | Viroid = like a virus but it just has a strand of RNA or DNA Prion = when the protein causes the infection |
| What is unique about the relationship between viruses and the cells they invade? Why is this? | they are very host specific because the capsid has to match with the receptor sides of the host cell |
| Explain how medical researchers are using viruses for beneficial purposes. | immunization used to deliver normal genes to diseased cells (biodelivery) |
Created by:
KiahnaL
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