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Exam 4 Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Complete dominance | One allele is completely dominant over the other |
| Incomplete dominance | Phenotype of F1 is a mix between the two parental phenotypes |
| Codominance | Both phenotypes are expressed |
| pleiotropy | 1 gene - multiple phenotypic effects |
| Epistasis | 2 genes ; a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus |
| polygenic | Controlled by several genes |
| Nature vs. nurture | Genes vs. environment |
| pedigree | Family tree that describes the interrelationships of a parent and children across relationships. |
| Carriers | Carry recessive allele but are phenotypically normal |
| Sex - linked | Usually refers to a gene on the larger X chromosome |
| X - linked | Occurs on the X chromosome |
| Linked Genes | Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together |
| Karyotype | Ordered list of chromosomes |
| Down syndrome | Trisomy (3 copies) of a chromosome 21 |
| Aneuploidy | Fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred; cells that have an incorrect number of chromosomes |
| Polyploidy | Complete extra set of chromosomes |
| Cells are unlinked by genetic recombination | Production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent |
| Haploid | 1 complete set of chromosomes - half of starting cell; meiosis |
| Diploid | 2 complete sets of chromosomes - exact copy of starting cell; mitosis |
| Deletion | Get rid of one chromosome |
| Duplication | Duplicate chromosome |
| Reciprocal translocation | Exchanged between non homologous pairs |
| Nondisjunction | Homologous pairs do not separate normally during meiosis as a result, one gamete gets two of the same chromosome and the other gets none |
| Griffth | Discover that bacteria is capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation |
| DNA is in a double helix | Strands go in opposite directions and are antiparallel hydrogen bond in the middle of the pairs |
| Guanine | cytosine |
| Adenine | Thymine |
| Antiparallel structure | DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. Each strand runs from 5’ to 3’ and run in antiparallel (opposite) directions |
| DNA polymerase | Makes polymers; causes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork |
| Leading strand | DNA strand that runs 5’ end to a 3’ end |
| Dna helicase | Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases using ATP |
| Histone | Proteins that provide structural support for chromosomes. Binds DNA in the nucleus. Helps condense into chromatin |
| Primer | Nucliec acid that initiates DNA replication. Primer must be bound to the strand before DNA polymerase can begin DNA replication |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA |
| Bacterial chromosome | -Prokaryotes such as bacteria contain their DNA in circular chromosomes -Usually just one circle, can be smaller circles within the circle call plasmids -Packaged by DNA binding proteins |
| Eukaryotic chromosome | -Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes that come together as homologous pairs -Sister chromatids come together in an X or K shape -Much larger in size than a bacterial chromosome |
| Central dogma | Concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command : DNA -> RNA -> Protein recipe -> makes copy of recipe -> uses recipe to make dinner. The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a triplet code |
| Triplet code | A series of nonoverlapping, three nucleotide words or codons. Codons must be read in the correct reading frame (groupings) in order for the specified polypeptide to be produced thus producing a protein |
| Transcription | Is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA |
| Steps of mRNA processing | 1.)5’ capping 2.)3’ polyadenylation processing (poly a tail) 3.)RNA splicing |
| Translation | Synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA. Ribosomes are the sites of translation. Cell translates an mRNA messages into protein with the help of transfer RNA(tRNA) and ribosomal RNA(rRNA) |
| Steps of translation | Initiation : ribosomes binds to the mRNA and tRNA attaches to start codon of the transcript Translation elongation: specific order of amino acids is transferred to ribosomal site by tRNA and anticodons Termination : stop codon signifies that the termina |
| Mutation | Change to the order of the nucleotides |
| Point mutations | Chemical changes to one base pair |
| Base pair substitution | Replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides |
| Frameshift | Results from insertion (added nucleotide) or deletion (lost nucleotide) that alters the reading frame |
| Nonsense | Changes amino acid codon into stop codon, almost always leads to nonfunctional protein |
| Missense | Still code for amino acid, but not the right one |
| Silent | No effect on amino acid produced |
| Inversion | Chromosome is flipped ( inverted) |
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