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Global Health Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Malaria | Vector-Borne Mosquitos are vector Agent: Parasitic protozoan |
| HIV | Sex/Blood Transmission Male circumcision lowers risk |
| TB | Bacteria: m. tuberculosis Air-Borne (inhalation) |
| HIV Risk Factors | 1. Partner w/high viral load 2. Partner w/ulcerative STIs |
| TB Treatment | Long DOT Expensive |
| Malaria Symptoms | Acute anemia, headache, fever, seizures, coma |
| Tools to Combat Malaria | 1. Drug Therapies 2. Insecticide Spray 3. Insecticide Treated Bed Nets |
| Neglected Tropical Diseases | Impair growth and development and promote poverty Carry social stigma, are deforming/disabling Tend to impact low-income rural areas |
| HAT | Vector-Borne |
| HAT Vector | Tsetse (Biting Fly) |
| HAT Agent: | Trypanosoma (parasitic protozoa) |
| HAT Treatment | Clinic for human infections Monitor patients w/toxic drugs |
| HAT and LF Population at Risk | Sub-Saharan Africa Rural areas of low-income countries Associated with poverty |
| Lymphatic Filariasis | Vector-borne |
| LF Symptoms | Hydrocel Elephantiasis |
| LF Vector | Mosquito |
| LF Agent | Worm |
| Co-endemic NTDs | STHs Schistosomiasis LF Onchocerciasis |
| Onchocerciasis | River Blindness |
| Onchocerciasis Vector | Tiny Black Fly |
| Schistosomiasis | Water-borne Often part of Rapid Impact Package Treated by MDA |
| STH | Food-borne Parasitic Worms |
| STH Treatment | Mass De-Worming |
| STH Examples | Ascariasis Trichuriasis (whipworm) Hookworm |
| Incidence | The number of NEW cases of a particular condition during a time period |
| Prevalence | Current number of people suffering from illness in a given time period |
| Three Parts of Healthcare System | Actors, Resources, and Institutes |
| Four Elements of Healthcare System | Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, Quality |
| Goals of Healthcare System | Improve population health Respond to expectations Protect against cost |
| Alma Ata Declaration | First attempt to make healthcare a human right Emphasized need to address disparities in healthcare and status between developed and developing |
| Three Ways Malaria Kills Children | 1. Infection in pregnancy 2. Acute Illness 3. Chronic |
| Infectious Disease | Disorders caused by organisms |
| Onchocerciasis in West Africa | Mass De-worming in schools Large success and helped reduce burden of 3 diseases |
| LF Reduction in China | Medicated Salts Lots of people no longer at risk Cheap success |
| Rapid Impact Package | Program providing treatment/prevention of NTDs Contains multiple drugs to simultaneously treat multiple conditions LF, STH, Oncho, Schist, Trachoma |
| Emerging Infectious Diseases | Dengue, West Nile, Zika, E. coli, Flu, SARS, MERS, Covid |
| Antibody Dependent Enhancement | Previous infection = antibodies for one strain More likely to get other strains |
| Dengue in Asia post WWII | Bomb craters, more travel, lack of nutrients and health, and neglected prevention efforts meant increase in prevalence |
| Asian Tiger and Yellow Fever Mosquitoes | Spread Dengue and Zika Got to US in imported cases |
| E. coli 0157 | Virus transferred toxin gene from Shigella (diarrhea causing bacteria) into E. coli Made it harmful to humans |
| Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase | Proteins on exterior of influenza particles Determines form of disease and thus who can get it Ex H1N1, H5N5 |
| Zika | Spread by Asian Tiger and Yellow Fever mosquitos Spread through travel and trade |
| Factors Influencing Organism Evolution | 1. Drug Resistance 2. Genetic Shifts |
| High Blood Sugar | Hyperglycemia Blood sugar is HIGH, insulin is released from BETA CELL, which acts as KEY to let glucose INTO THE CELL, which LOWERS amount of sugar in the blood |
| Low Blood Sugar | Hypoglycemia When blood sugar is LOW, GLUCAGON is released from ALPHA CELL, which then signals cells to let glucose OUT of the cell and into the BLOOD |
| Diabetes Epidemic | Increased survival rate, aging population, population growth, diet/cultural changes |
| Type 2 Diabetes | Chronically high glucose Can make cells insulin intolerant (cells stop listening to insulin signals) |
| Type 2 Consequences | Econ burden on families and society Long term failure of various organs (kidneys, eyes, limbs) Can lead to amputation Societal Burden: loss of labor, premature death |
| Type 2 Diabetes Treatment | Stop/change bad habits, change lifestyle, add exercise |
| Type 1 Diabetes Treatment | Synthetic insulin |
| Nutrition in Type 2 Prevention | Focus on diet, monitor diet and count carbs Reduce processed foods and added sugar Increase whole grains/fiber/fruits and veggies |
| Bioactive Phytonutrients | Nutrient/chemical from plants that initiates bio reactions in humans when consumed |
| Bioactive Phytonutrient Examples | Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, caffeine, nicotine, morphine, etc. |
| Bioactive Phytonutrients: Misleading Benefits | There are many places these COULD BE in metabolism, so no one really knows if they will help |
| Dietary Supplements | Intended to supplement diet NOT treat, prevent, or cure disease |
| Dietary Supplements Consumer Belief | Belief in healing effects, but there is no evidence/oversight/testing on most supplements on the market |
| Main Point of Food/Plant Supplements | Supplements do not equal food |
| Morbidity | Suffering from a disease |
| CVD | Number one killer of adults everywhere except Africa |
| CVD Deaths | 30% of deaths globally |
| Poland Case Study | Men dying early due to intense smoking Passed legislation, added taxes, started warning labels, smoke-outs, etc. Successfully changed outcome |
| Tipping Point | Point of no return for environmental changes and ecosystem services |
| Ecosystem Services | Benefits people obtain from natural environment and functioning ecosystems |
| Sahel Tipping Point | Overgrazing and dryland agriculture combined w/replacing shrubs w/farmland Large amounts of topsoil lost and lost ability to support human communities |
| Himalayan Glaciers | Melting harms major rivers in S. Asia, as most of them get their water from seasonal meltings As they melt, too much water, once its gone, not enough |
| Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic | Drought/warm weather/fires/dying pines can't protect from thriving beetles |
| Sea Surface Temp/Sea Level Rising | Temps rising = impact on marine life |
| Great Barrier Reef | Warmth = bleaching/acidification Home to biodiversity |
| Climate Change and Midwest Species | N-S Temp Gradient W-E Moisture Gradient Hares, birds, and plants all experienced changes |
| SDG 14- Life Below Water | Huge source of food and labor for humans |
| 5 Major Threats to Human Health | 1. Climate Change 2. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 3. Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Function 4. Freshwater Decline 5. Desertification and Land Degradation |
Created by:
Eliana.s
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