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science 8th midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| atom | the smallest particle that still can be considered an element |
| Electron | negatively charged particles found inside an atom ( |
| nucleus | the dense center of an atom |
| Proton | positively charged particles found in an atom (+) |
| Neutron | neutral charged particles found in an atom (n) |
| Atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Isotopes | atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| Mass number | the sum of all of the protons and neutrons in an atom |
| Atomic mass | the average mass of all of the isotopes of that element |
| Periodic table | a chart showing all of the elements arranged according to the repeating pattern of their properties |
| Chemical symbol | a one or two |
| Period | rows on the periodic table |
| Group | columns on the periodic table |
| Compounds | substances that form when atoms from two or more elements combine |
| Valence electron | electrons in the outermost energy level |
| Reactivity | the ease with which an atom will react with another element |
| Malleable | can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets or other shapes |
| Ductile | can be pulled out or drawn into long wires |
| Luster | how shiny or reflective something is |
| Semiconductor | can conduct electricity under some conditions but not in others |
| Ion | an atom or group of atoms that has either a positive or negative charge |
| Poly | means many |
| Covalent bond | when two atoms share electrons |
| molecule | a neutral group of atoms joined by covalent bonds |
| Nonpolar bond | electrons are shared equally between electrons |
| Polar bond | electrons are shared unequally between electrons |
| Acid | a compound that reacts with metals and carbonates, also tastes sour |
| Corrosive | to wear away |
| Base | tastes bitter, feels slippery |
| Neutralization | the reaction between an acid and a base |
| Salt | any ionic compound that can be made from a neutralization reaction |
| Mixture | 2 substances that are mixed together in the same place |
| Colloid | a mixture that contains undissolved particles that do not separate or settle out |
| Suspension | a mixture with particles that can be seen and easily separated |
| Solvent | part of solution that is present in the largest amount |
| Solute | substance that is dissolved by the solvent |
| Solubility | how much solute will dissolve in a solvent |
| Physical change | a change that alters the form or appearance of a substance |
| Chemical change | a change that produces one or more substances |
| Reactant | substances that undergo chemical changes |
| exothermic reaction | when energy is released as heat |
| Endothermic reaction | when heat is brought toward the reaction leaving surroundings feeling cold |
| Endothermic reaction | when heat is brought toward the reaction leaving the surroundings feeling cold |
| Catalyst | a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Law of conservation mass | matter cannot be created or destroyed |
| Open system | where matter can enter or escape (open jar) |
| Closed system | where matter cannot enter or escape (closed jar) |
| Decomposition | compounds breaking down into simpler products |
| Synthetic | made by humans |
| Natural resource | naturally occurring in the environment |
| Polymer | long chains of molecules made up of monomers. Also called plastic |
| Motion | when your position changes compared to another object |
| Reference point | a place or object used for comparison to determine whether something is in motion |
| Force | a push or pull |
| Newton | unit for the strength of a force |
| Friction | contact force between two surfaces when they rub together |
| Gravity | a force that pulls objects toward each other as a result of their masses |
| Netforce | the combination of all forces acting on that object |
| Speed | the distance of an object moving per unit of time |
| Slope | the angle of a line on a graph |
| Velocity | the speed at which an object travels in a given direction |
| Acceleration | the rate at which velocity changes |
| Inertia | resistance to change in motion |
| Weight | the measure of the force of gravity on an object |
| Heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring |
| Dominant allele | one whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present |
| Recessive allele | One whose trait is always hidden when the dominant allele is present |
| Probability | how likely it is that an event will occur |
| Genotype | an organism’s genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | an organism’s physical appearance |
| Chromosomes | humans have 46 pairs of these. 23 from each parent |
| Cell cycle | the series of events in which a cell grows |
| Pedigree | a tool that geneticists use to map the inheritance of traits |
| Meiosis | the formation of sex cells |
| Mitosis | the formation of new body cells |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Protein synthesis | when amino acids link together to form proteins |
| Mrna | (messenger RNA) carries copies of instructions |
| tRNA | transfer RNA carries the amino acids to ribosomes |
| Variation | the difference between individuals of the same species |
| Sec chromosomes | chromosomes that carry the genes that determine whether a person is male or female |
| Autosomal chromosomes | 22 pairs in humans |
| Mutation | any change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome |
| Sex | linked genes |
| Karyotype | a picture of all chromosomes in a persons cell |
| Artificial selection | also known as selective breeding |
| Genetic engineering | the transferring of a gene front he DNA of one organism to another |
| Gene therapy | the changing of a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder |
| Clone | an organism that has the same genes as the organism from which it was produced |
| Genome | a complete set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
| GMO | genetically modified organism |
| Species | a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce offspring |
| Evolution | the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
| Fossil | the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past |
| Adaptation | inherited behavior or characteristics that helps an organism survive and reproduce |
| Scientific theory | a well tested explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results |
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jenajenajena<3
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