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psychology exam 3

psychology exam thre

QuestionAnswer
Motivation Motivation Energizes behavior
Emotion Emotion is the Feeling Response.
Instinct Motivation results from innate, biological instincts. These unlearned responses are present in most every member of a species.
Drive Reduction Motivation starts as a “biological need” (a deficiency or lack of something), which produces a “drive” toward whatever behavior is needed to satisfy that need.
Optimal Arousal Organisms are “motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal.”
Incentive Motivation is the result of external stimuli that “pull” the organism in certain directions.
Cognitive Motivation is affected by expectations and attributions, in other words, how we think about or interpret our own and/or other peoples actions (behaviors).
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Lower needs, such as hunger and safety, have to be satisfied before one can advance to higher needs such as belonging and, finally self-actualization.
Psychoanalysis/ -Psychoanalysis is traditionally based on Freud’s central belief that abnormal behavior is caused by conflicts among three parts of the (unconscious) psyche, the Id, Ego, and Superego
Humanistic Emphasizes the human characteristics of a person’s potential, freewill, and self awareness.
Cognitive Emphasizes the clients natural tendency to become healthy and productive.
Cognitive Restructuring therapeutic process designed to dispute, and change irrational or maladaptive thought processes and beliefs.
Social Psychology The scientific study of the ways in which the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of an individual are influenced by the real or imagined behaviors of others.
Social Cognition How we think about and interpret ourselves and others
Attributions Principles we follow when making judgements about the causes of events, others behavior, and our own behavior.
-Fundamental Attribution Error(FAE) The tendency of observers to overestimate the influence of internal dispositional factors on a persons behavior, while underestimating the impact of external, situational factors.
Saliency Bias Type of attributional bias in which people tend to focus on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining causes of behavior.
Self-Serving Bias Type of Attributional Bias in which we take credit for our successes, yet blame other people or events for our failures.
Actor-Observer Effect Tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external (situational) factors while attributing others’ actions to internal (dispositional) causes.
Attitude Formation Attitudes are generally learned
Obedience Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure.
Conformity Changes in behavior, attitudes, or values because of real or imagined group pressure.
Normative Social Influence Conforming to group pressures out of a need to be liked, accepted, and approved of by others.
Norm Cultural rule of behavior prescribing what is acceptable and unacceptable in a given situation.
Informational Social Influence Conforming to a group out of a need for information and direction.
Reference Groups The people we conform to, or go along with, because we like, admire, and want to be like them
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance Change our attitude or behavior, but sometimes this is hard to do
Prejudice A learned, unjustified, negative attitude towards members of a group, Including thoughts (stereotypes), feelings, and behavioral tendencies (discrimination).
Discrimination Negative, unjustified behaviors directed at others because of their membership to a particular group.
Social norms rules indicating how individuals are expected to behave in a specific situation
Created by: iizzyy
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