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glands and resp
Respiration and Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the five releasing hormones produced in the Hypothalamus | Corticotrophin RH (CRH), Prolactin RH (PRH), Thyrotropin RH (TRH), Growth Hormone RH (GhRH), and Gonadotropin RH (GnRH) |
| What are the Six hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland | Thyroid Stimulting Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Prolactin (PRL), growth Hormone (GH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Sollicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
| What is another name for the Anterior Pituitary Gland | Adenohypophysis |
| What is another name for the Posterior Pituitary Gland | neuroypophysis |
| The exocrine systems secretes by | Ducts |
| The endocrine system secretes directly into the | Bloodstream |
| What is a group of specialized cells that secrete a substance in response to signals | Gland |
| The glands that produce the hormones in the endocrine system do/do not use the hormones they make | do not |
| What are the two major types of glands in the body | Endocrine and Exocrine |
| Which system uses a duct for transportation into the body or from the body | The Exocrine System |
| 7 types of exocrine secretions are | Sweat, milk, mucous, Salivary, lacrimal, bile and pancreatic |
| Which System secretes the hormones directly into the bloodstream | The Endocrine System |
| What is a chemical regulator that integrates and coordinates bodily activities | Hormones |
| Hormones are either | proteins or steroids |
| The two types of hormones that are not protein derived are | sex hormones and those from the adrenal cortex |
| Hormones only affect certain cells as they go by using the | “Lock – Key mechanism”, or “Target Tissue” |
| Protein and protein derived hormones can’t be taken by | mouth |
| Hormones are regulated by _____________ Feedback | negative |
| What are the functions of the endocrine system | regulation of Growth and Maturation, metabolism and reproduction |
| What kind of hormone causes the secretion of other hormones | Tropic Hormones |
| What are the three main reasons a hormone will be released | Tropic hormones, too little or too much of a substance in the body or nervous stimulation |
| What are the major glands of the endocrine system | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, gonads, pancreas, thymus and Hypothalamus |
| What gland sends release hormones to the Anterior Pituitary and creates hormones directly for the Posterior Pituitary to release | The Hypothalamus |
| What are the two normal hormones that are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland | Prolactin and Growth Hormone |
| Growth Hormones are released from where | The Anterior Pituitary |
| What does the Growth Hormone do | Stimulates growth in all body tissues, Assists in movement of amino acids into cells and proteins as needed, helps release fatty acids and to regulate blood nutrient levels. |
| What are the two types of Gonadotropins | Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormones (LH) |
| Which Gonadotropic stimulates the growth and secretion of Ovarian follicles or eggs in females and sperm in men | FSH |
| Which Gonadotropic Stimulates ovulation and formulation of the corpus luteum in women and interstitial cell stimulating hormone in men | LH |
| What two hormones are produced in the Posterior Pituitary Gland | Oxytocin and Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| What hormone is created in the Posterior Pituitary, stimulates the Uterus to contract and stay open after delivery and stimulates the release of milk after birth | Oxytocin |
| What hormone is created in the Posterior pituitary, stimulates contraction of blood vessels, also effects the Uterus and influences the reabsorption of water by the kidneys | Vasopressin or ADH |
| If there was an absence of ADH what would the kidneys do | continue to excrete more and more fluid |
| What is the largest of the endocrine glands, lies in front of the neck and has a wing lobe on either side of it | The Thyroid Gland |
| The thyroid gland produces what three hormones | The Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin |
| What is required by the body to produce T3 and T4 hormones | Iodine |
| Without iodine a person will develop what | A goiter |
| What gland regulates the body metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids | The thyroid |
| When the bloodstream has an excess of calcium the thyroid produces what hormone to decrease it | Calcitonin by increasing calcium storage in bones and renal excretion |
| The thyroid is made of two lobes that are connected by the | isthmus |
| What glands are about the size of a pea, they lay on either side of thyroid gland and they secrete parathormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Parathyroid’s |
| When the bloodstream has too little an amount of calcium what hormone is released to pull calcium back into the bloodstream from the bones | parathormone |
| What increases the rate of calcium, magnesium and phosphorous absorption from the GI tract into the blood | calcitrol |
| What are the glands that are on top of the kidneys, and consist of two parts each part being completely different | The Adrenal Glands |
| The two parts of the Adrenal Glands and what they produce are | The Medulla (inside) - catecholamines and the Cortex (Outside) – Corticosteroids (corticoids) |
| What produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | The Adrenal Medulla |
| What two hormones mimics the sympathetic Nervous System, are not necessary for life, activate in emergencies and helps individuals adapt to stress | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| The two hormones produced in the Adrenal Medulla, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, actions are | Make the heart beat faster, contract blood vessels, raise blood pressure and increase muscle power by causing the liver to release glucose for energy |
| What is the outer part of the Adrenal Gland that secretes corticosteroids or corticoids | The Adrenal Cortex |
| What compounds are secreted by the Adrenal Cortex that are all derived from cholesterol | Corticosteroids or corticoids |
| What are the three types of corticosteroids or corticoids | Mineralcorticoids, Glucocorticoids and Androgens |
| Which corticoid that is secreted in the Adrenal Cortex, regulates the amount of electrolytes in the body, aldosterone being the most important one | Mineralcorticoid |
| Which mineralcorticoid, secreted by the Adrenal Cortex, Stimulates reabsorption of sodium into the plasma | Aldosterone |
| Which corticoid, secreted in the Adrenal Cortex, has an important influence on the synthesis of glucose, amino acids and fats during metabolism and depresses the immune and inflammatory response | Glucocortoids |
| Which hormones give a supplement to the sex hormones of the gonads | Adrenal Cortex androgens |
| What is the one hormone produced by the pineal gland, maintains the sleep/wake cycle | Melatonin |
| What are the glands of reproduction called | Gonads |
| What are the reproductive organs of the male | the testes |
| What are the reproductive organs in the female | the ovaries |
| What do the male reproductive organs, the testes produce | Testosterone |
| What do the female reproductive organs, the ovaries produce | Progesterone and estrogen |
| What gland is both and exocrine and endocrine gland | The Pancreas |
| As an exocrine gland, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the | Duct system |
| What are the little isles on the pancreas called, that secrete Alpha, Beta, Delta and F cells | Isle of Langerhans |
| The Alpha Cells of the pancreas secrete what, which is used for raising the blood sugar | Glucagon |
| The Beta Cells of the Pancreas secrete what, which is used to reduce the blood sugar | Insulin |
| What gland is largest in children and gets smaller as we age, that produces thymasin which stimulates production of the T cells used for immunity | The thymus |
| The GI tract also secretes hormones, which are these | Gastrin – in stomach, Pancreozymin – pancreas, choleystokinin – gallbladder, glucagon-like-peptide – lining of ilium and colon |
| What is the only temporary gland in the human body | The placenta |
| What does the placenta, the only temporary gland, do | maintain a pregnancy |
| What place in the body produces Renin and Erythropoietin | Kidneys |
| What is produced in the heart, that promotes dieresis, inhibits aldosterone , maintains fluid homeostasis and as a protective mechanism | Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) or Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) |
| What two hormones are found in most Tissues | Leukotriens (LTs) a vaso constrictor and Prostaglandins who’s effects are local to the are they are produced |
| What hormones effects are local only to the area they are produced, can cause pain, perform a role in platelet production and can affect smooth muscle | Prostaglandins |
| The Oxytocin continually being produced during labor is an example of | Positive feedback |
| When your body signals the controller to correct a deviation in the body from normal it is called | Negative Feedback |
| What are the three functions of the respiratory system | Drawing air into the lungs, exchanging O₂ for CO₂ and removing CO₂ in exchange for O₂. |
| What are the three processes of Respiration | Ventilation, gas exchange and O₂ and CO₂ transportation |
| The pathway for External breathing is | Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli |
| The pathway for internal breathing is | alveoli, capillaries (blood combines with O₂) , cells, capillaries (CO₂ distribution), alveoli |
| The pharynx is divided into three areas, they are | nasopharynx, oopharynx and laryngopharynx |
| The trachea and esophagus are both located in the | Pharynx |
| What are the parts of the Upper Respiratory Tract | Nose, Sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea |
| What are the parts of the Lower Respiratory Tract | Lower Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and Lungs |
| When you inhale you bring in how much O₂ | 21% |
| When you exhale you expirate how much O₂ | 16% |
| What does the nose do in respiration | Air enters the body here, it is warmed by mucous and filtered by cilia |
| What do the Sinuses do | Lighten the skull and provide resonance for the voice |
| What are the two largest sinuses | Frontal above the eye sockets and maxillary on each side of the nose |
| What are the two smaller sinuses | Ethmoidal between the eyes and Sphenoidal side of the nasal cavity |
| What is the function of the Pharynx | It is a tube like passage for air and food |
| What is the function of the Larynx | A passageway for air, sound for voice, prevents food and other objects from entering the breathing structures |
| Which part of the Upper tract is made primarily of cartilage and ligaments, the largest being the Thyroid cartilage or “Adams Apple” | The larynx |
| What is the sole purpose of the epiglottis | A Flap made of cartilage located at the top of the Larynx that opens during eating to prevent food from getting into the lungs |
| What is the purpose of the trachea | It is the tube called the esophagus which transports food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| The trachea splits in the lower Respiratory System into two tubes called | Bronchi |
| Which bronchus, right or left, is shorter, straighter and wider than the other, which aids in aspiration of foreign objects | the Right Bronchus |
| What is the bronchial tree comprised of | The Bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli |
| What does the bronchial tree look like | An upside down tree |
| What are the bronchi | They are the lower part of the trachea, which divides into two branches. The upper contains a cartilage ring that bends with the neck |
| What are the Bronchioles | Smaller tubes that branch off the Bronchi, these regulate the flow of air to the bronchi, contraction of the muscles here causes constriction and decreased air flow |
| What are the alveoli | tiny sacs that form the ends of the respiratory tract, to exchange O₂ and CO₂ across the capillary membrane |
| What is a substance that is secreted by the alveoli cells of the lung used to prevent alveolar walls from collapsing | Surfactant |
| What are two cone shaped organs that fill the chest cavity, the top of which is called the apex and the bottom is the base | The Lungs |
| The lungs are divided into lobes, the left lung has two lobes and the right has | 3 |
| The lower respiratory tract contains a smooth double layer sac of serous membrane called | pleura |
| Which Pleura covers the Lungs | The Visceral Pleura |
| Which Pleura lines the chest cavity | The Parietal Pleura |
| What is the main function of the pleura, besides covering | To allow movement in the lungs without causing pain or friction against the chest wall |
| What is the space between the two pleura layers called | The pleura Space |
| Normal breathing occurs as a result of what in the brains medulla | Nervous stimulation |
| What triggers the Nervous Stimulation that causes normal breathing | The CO₂ level |
| What are the two phases of ventilation | Inhalation or inspiration and Exhalation or expiration |
| What is normal breathing called | eupnea |
| What is difficulty in breathing called | Dyspnea |
| What is a dome shaped muscle that contracts and flattens to increase space and create a vacuum | Diaphragm |
| What controls the rate and depth of respirations | The medullas Respiratory Center |
| What stimulates the muscles of respiration in response to changes in CO₂ | Chemoreceptors |
| What are the two types of respiration | Internal and External |
| Which type of ventilation is the exchange of O₂ and CO₂ w/in the alveoli of the lungs | External Respiration |
| Which type of ventilation is the exchange of O₂ and CO within the cells | Internal Respiration |
| What are the two protective reflexes of the respiratory system | Coughing and Sneezing |
| What is the reflex of the respiratory system that is thought to be caused by a lack of O₂ or the accumulation of CO₂ and also equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and outside atmosphere | yawning |
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system | Exchange of gases |
| What is an off the wall function of the respiratory system | PH balance |
| What system joins the Respiratory System to maintain homeostasis | The Renal System |
| Too much CO₂ in the blood can cause a shift in the | PH Balance |
| What is the breathing center | The Brains Medulla |
| As we age the organs of the respiratory tract lose their | elasticity |
| Stiffer organs and cell walls means that our lungs don’t | expand as much |
| A decrease in the cilia action and a decrease in the mucous membranes mean we are more susceptible to | injury or disease |
| The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath is known as | Tidal Volume |
| The volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is known as | Total lung capacity |
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