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Biology Sem. 1 2022
| Bactria are prokaryotic meaning... | They have no nucleus, circular chromosmes, no cell organelles, and their cell wall contains peptodoglycan |
| Plasmids are | extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria that can contain resistance to genes and can be transferred to other bacteria |
| Bacteria morphology depends on | the cell wall |
| Peptodoglycan | has a sugar backbone and peptide tails, it provides strength and ridgidity |
| Gram positive cell envelope | two layers: memebrane and thick layer of peptidoglycan |
| Gram negative cell enevelope | three layers: cytoplasmic membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan, outermmebrnae and lipopolysaccharides |
| Fimbriae | external cell structure important for attachment |
| pili | external cell structurure important for conjugation/adherence |
| flagella | external cell structure which enables motility |
| bacterial reproduction | asexual, binary fission, 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
| phases of bacterial reproduction | lag phase, exponential growth phase, stationary phase, death phase |
| what is bacterial sporulation | how bacteria survive extreme conditions. produce spores full of bacterial genetics that lay dormant until conditions are better |
| archea are prokaryptes meaning.. | no nucleaus, circular chromosmes, no cell organelles |
| did archaea evolve from bacteria | no archaea evolved seperatly from bacteria |
| what are archeal cell walls made of | they are made up of a variety of macromolecules including polysaccharides, proteins, glycoprotein, some have no cell wall |
| what is pseudomurien | structuarrly similar to peptidoglycan and used in some archeal cell walls. has sugar backbone and peptide cross links |
| what is S-layer | the most common cell wall in archaea |
| in archaeal membranes, what type of bonds join the lipid tail and the glycerol | ether linkages |
| what is hami in archaea | pili like structure used for attachment |
| what are archaea flagella called | archaella, they are smaller that bacterial flagella |
| how to archaeal cells reproduce | bionary fission forming two identical daughter cells, many cannot be cultured in a lab |
| what type of habitats do archaea live in | there can live anywhere but mist notably in extreme enevironements |
| what are hyperthermophiles | archaea found in exteremey hot geo thermal habitats |
| halophiles | resistant to extreme salt |
| psychrophiles | found in extremely cold regions |
| bacrophiles | bottom of the ocean (extreme pressure) |
| What class of organism are fungi and protists | eukaryotes |
| what are the three major types of fungal nutrition | sarophytic, digests dead organisms, parasitic digests live organisms, symbiotic mutal benifit of two independent organsims |
| what are hyphae | composed of mycelium and can form macroscopic mass, define fungi, long tube with tough cell wall and plasma membrane |
| what is the difference between septate hyphae and coenocytic hyphae | septate have septa (cross walls) |
| what is in fungal cell walls | chitin |
| how do fungai reproduce | asexually except under stress, then sexual reproduction |
| what is a protist | any eukaryote that is not a fungai, plant or animal |
| how are protists grouped | artifically, they lack a common evolutionary hertiage |
| what is a virus | a non cellular particle that infects a host cell to reproduce |
| what are viruses made of | genome, protein coat, and possible an envelope |
| what is a non enveloped virus | virus has a capsid protein shell with genome inside |
| what is an enveloped virus | enveloped virus has a genome covered in lipid membrane enevelope covered in proteins |
| how do viruses gett envelopes | budding |
| what is in the viral genome | the genome have gentic material bud it is not as restricted, they can have linear, circular, and single stranded DNA or RNA |
| how do virsuses exit the host cell | budding or lysis |
| what is cohesion in water molecules | hydrogen bonds holding water molecules togther |
| what is adhesion | attraction between water molecules and different substances |
| how does water moderate temperature | it absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air, can absorb alot of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature |
| what is evaporative cooling | as liquid water evaporates the remaining surface cools |
| why is water the solvent of life | it is a versatile solvent due to its polarity and can dissovle many ionic compounds |
| what are the four classes of macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| what does a dehydration reaction do | by extracting a water molecule, a dehydration reaction can form peptide bonds (bond two molecules together) |
| what does a hydrolisis reaction do | breaks apart polymers into monomers by hydrating the peptide bonds |
| what are enzymes made from | proteins |
| defensive proteins | protect against disease (antibodies) |
| storage proteins | storgae of amino acids |
| transport proteins | transport of substances (hemoglobin) |
| hormaonal proteins | coordination of an organisms activitues (insulin) |
| receptor proteins | response of cell to chemical stimuli |
| contractile and motor proteins | function movement |
| structural proteins | support (keratin in hair) |
| what are the monomers of proteins | amino acids |
| what are polypeptodes | polymer of amino acid joined by peptide bonds |
| sickle cell disease | blood related disease resulting form one wrong amino acid causing a misfolded protein |
| what type of thermodynamic system are cells | open system |
| what are catabolic pathways | pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules |
| anabolic pathways | consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
| do enzymes affect the change if free energy | no, they hasten reactions that would occur eventually |
| what is ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| what does ATP do | ATP acts as an energy carrier in the cell, bonds between the phosphate group can be broken by hydrolysis to release energy, it couples exergonic and endergonic reactions |
| what are the three main kinds of work in a cell | chemical work, mechanical work, and transport work |
| are lipids polymeres | no, lipids are not true polymers |
| saturated fatty acid | have the maximum number of hydrogens possible and no double bonds |
| unsaturated fatty acid | have one or more double bonds |
| how does a double bond affect a lipid | liquids or oils at room temperature |
| what is the structure of a phopholipid | two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attched to glycerol |
| what does amphipathic | has water loving and water hating regions |
| what is cholesterol | a steriod that has a carbon skeleton of four fused rings, in the plasma membrane, keeps membrane at perfect fluidity |
| what are integral proteins | A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into the hydrophobic interior of the membrane |
| how do hydrophobic molecules pass through the lipid bilayer | they pass through easily and rapidly |
| how do hydrophilic molecules pass through the lipid bilayer | via transport proteins |
| what is passive transport | diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment, movement down a concentration gradient |
| what is osmosis | osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| what is isotonic | no net water movement |
| what is hypertonic | cell loses water |
| what is hypotonic | cell gains water |
| what is facilitated diffusion | passive transport aided by proteins |
| what is active transport | requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, uses only carrier proteins eg sodium potassium ion pump |
| how is excess energy stored in humans | first in liver and muscle cells in the form of glycogen, when glycogen stores are full it becomes fat in the form of tryglycerides |
| how does the body take in nutrients in a non-fasting state | carbs broken down into glucose, some is used some it taken in by cells. excess is store in liver and muscle. fat is digested into lipoproteins in the small intestine. excess stored as droplets in fat cells |
| what is the process of fats being used as an energy source | fat is broken down through beta oxidation |
| metabolism in fasting state | 2-4 hours after a meal blood glucose concentration drops to normal basline levels and fatsing state begins, insulin levels decline. glycogens and fatty acids fuel the body until the next meal. |
| metabolism in starvation state | stored glycogen in liver is exhausted, insulin levels drop, body accesses stored fat. liver takes excess fats and ketone bodies through ketosis. muscles stop using ketones which travel tot he brain which oxidizes them for fuel |
| what do alpha cells make | glucogon |
| what do beta cells make | insulin |
| what does low blood sugar do | causes glucagon to stimulate breakdown of glycogen and release glucose |
| what is glycogen | multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage |
| what does the liver use glycogen for | maintain glucose homestasis, breakdown of fats and amino acids |
| where do tryglycerides aggregate into fat globules | the lumen of the gut |
| what do bile slats do | break down fat globules so that triclycerides can be accessed |
| what do epithelial cells do | absorb fatty acids and monglycerides and then recombine them back into triglycerides |
| what are chylomicrons | fats coated in phospholipis, cholesterol, and proteins, water-soluble, carrier particles |
| how are triglycerides stored | in adipose cells as fat globules in the cytoplasm |
| what do chylomicrons do | they take triglycerides from the gut and bring them to fat and muscle membranes. broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| how are fatty acids released from adipose cells | adipose cells mobilise the triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in reposnse to glucogon or adrenaline |
| where does photosynthesis occur | chloroplasts |
| what are autotrophs | self feeders |
| heterotrophs | obtain organic material from other organisms |
| where are chloroplasts mostly found | in the mesophyll cells (interior tissue of the leaf) |
| where is chlorophyll | in the thylakoid membrane |
| what are the three tyoe of pigments in chloroplasts | chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, cartenoids |
Created by:
fionagard
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