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Respiratory Exam 3

Exam 3 Mrs. Harrelson

QuestionAnswer
1. What does ‘lung compliance’ refer to? Measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a change in transpulmonary pressure.
2.What determines lung compliance? The lung compliance is based on the alveolar surface tension, which restricts how our alveoli open. Our body produces a substance called surfactant to line the alveoli, to reduce this friction and allow them to open fully.
3. What is Alveolar surface tension? Force of Air.
4. What type epithelium composes the type II cells? Cuboidal.
5. What type epithelium composes the type I cells? layer of squamous epithelial.
6. What is the function of type I cells? Form the major part of the alveolar walls.
7. What is the function of type II cells? Secrete a fluid containing a detergent like substance called surfactant that coats the gas exposed alvelolar surfaces.
8. What does Dalton's Law state? The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. So the pressure exerted by each gas—its partial pressure—is directly proportional to the % of that gas in the gas mixture.
9. What does Henry's Law state? When a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
10. What does Boyle's Law state? States that when the temperature is constant, the pressure of the gas varies inversely with its volume.
11. Relate air movement into or out of the lungs to atmospheric pressure. As long as pressure is less in it will go down.
12. Expiration depends on 2 factors. What are they? changes and Pressure changes.
13. The trachea is very flexible. What keeps it open? The hyaline cartilage provide support to prevent it from collapsing
14. What is the effect of smoking on the cilia of the respiratory tract? Smoking Inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia. So coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs.
15. What is: atelectasis? lung collapse
16. What is: Dyspnea? Difficult or labored breathing ; air hunger
17. Hemoglobin can bind to how many Oxygen molecules? Four.
18. Which factors influence hemoglobin saturation? Temperature, blood pH, Pco2 & the amount of BPG in the blood.
19. Which respiratory disorder results from destruction of the walls of the alveoli? . Reduction in surface area with emphysema, when walls of adjacent alveoli break down
20. How much O2 in usually unloaded during one systemic circulation. Only 20–25% of bound O2 is unloaded during one systemic circulation.
21. What is intrapulmonary pressure? -Pressure in the alveoli -Fluctuates with breathing -Always eventually equalizes with Patm
22. What is Valsalva’s maneuver? -Glottis closes to prevent exhalation -Abdominal muscles contract -Intra-abdominal pressure rises -Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting
23. What is surfactant and what is it's function? Secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration.
24. What is the the Bohr effect? Declining pH weakens the hemoglobin-O2 bond.
25. What is tidal volume? Amount of air exhaled or inhaled with each breath under resting conditions.
26. What is vital capacity? Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maxi- mum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
27. What is inspiratory capacity? Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV
28. What is expiratory reserve volume? Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a nor- mal tidal volume exhalation
29. What is inspiratory reserve? Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a nor- mal tidal volume inhalation
30. What is residual volume? Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
31. For efficient gas exchange. what is the optimal thickness of the respiratory membrane? 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
31. In a healthy person, what is the most powerful stimulus for breathing? Rise in CO2 levels.
32. Nerve impulses that stimulate inspiration originate in which respiratory center? Pontine Respiratory Centers.
33. What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement Resistance disappears at the terminal bronchioles where diffusion drives gas movement
34. What is the 3 main types of lung cancer? Squamous cell carcinoma 20-40% in bronchial epithelium Adenocarcinoma (~40%) originates in peripheral lung areas Small cell carcinoma (~20% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
35. At what developmental stage could a baby born prematurely breathe on its own? By the 28th week, a baby born prematurely can breathe on its own
36. What is Hypoxia? What could be the causes? Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues Due to a variety of causes Too few RBCs Abnormal or too little Hb Blocked circulation Metabolic poisons Pulmonary disease Carbon monoxide
37. How is respiratory exchange accomplished during fetal development? Gas exchange takes place via the placenta
38. How does the body acclimate to high altitude? Chemoreceptors become more responsive to Pco2 when Po2 declines. Substantial decline in Po2 directly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors Result: minute ventilation increases and stabilizes in a few days to 2–3 L/min higher than at sea level
39. Why is this acclimatization necessary? Quick travel to altitudes above 8000 feet may produce symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) • Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness • In severe cases, lethal cerebral and pulmonary edema
Created by: flurry
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