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Ch. 3 Part 2 Tissues
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epithelial tissue | One of the primary tissues; covers the surface of the body and lines body cavities, ducts, and vessels. |
| Apical surface | The free surface of epithelial tissue. |
| Basement membrane | A thin layer of extracellular material to which epithelial cells are attached in mucosa surfaces. The “glue” holding the epithelium in place. |
| Simple squamous epithelium | Forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs. Found in the air sacs of the lungs (called alveoli), where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and it forms the walls of capillaries, |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | The cells at the free edge are squamous cells, whereas those close to the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar. Found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction, such as the surface of the skin, the mouth, and the esophagus. |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Common in glands and their associated small tubes called ducts (for example, the salivary glands and pancreas). It also forms the walls of the kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries. |
| Simple columnar epithelium | Goblet cells, which produce a lubricating mucus, are often seen in this type of epithelium. Found lining the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus. |
| Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified Columnar Epithelia | Fairly rare in the body, found mainly in the ducts of large glands. |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Mainly functions in absorption and secretion. A ciliated variety (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) lines most of the respiratory tract. The cilia propel the mucus which catches debris upward and away from the lungs. |
| Transitional Epithelium | A highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs = the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra. Cells of the basal layer are cuboidal or columnar; those at the free surface vary in appearance. |
| Endocrine Glands | Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood. Ex: Thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary. |
| Exocrine Glands | Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a body surface (skin or mucosa). Ex: sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas |
| Connective Tissue | A primary tissue that connects body parts. The main functions being; protecting, supporting, cushioning, and insulating other body tissues. |
| Extracellular matrix | Nonliving material that surrounds living cells found in connective tissue. |
| Types of connective tissue | – Bone – Cartilage – Dense connective tissue – Loose connective tissue – Blood |
| Bone (osseous tissue) | Composed of: ▪Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities) ▪Hard matrix of calcium salts ▪Large numbers of collagen fibers – Functions to protect and support the body |
| Cartilage | – Less hard and more flexible than bone – Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type – Types: ▪Hyaline cartilage ▪Fibrocartilage ▪Elastic cartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage | Most widespread type of cartilage. Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, rubbery matrix. Found in the trachea, attaches ribs to the breastbone, covers the ends of long bones, the entire skeleton of a fetus. |
| Fibrocartilage | Highly compressible. Forms cushion like discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column. |
| Elastic cartilage | Found in structures with elasticity, such as the external ear. |
| Dense Connective Tissue(dense regular/irregular fibrous tissue) | Dense regular fibrous tissue: collagen fibers are the main matrix element. Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers between collagen. Found in the tendons and ligaments. Dense irregular fibrous tissue is found in the dermis - lower layers of the skin. |
| Loose connective tissue | Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other connective tissues (except blood). Types: ▪Areolar ▪Adipose ▪Reticular |
| Areolar loose connective tissue | The most widely distributed connective tissue – Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” that functions as a universal packing tissue and “glue” to hold organs in place. – Layer of areolar tissue called lamina propria underlies all membranes. |
| Adipose loose connective tissue | An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate. Functions to insulate the body, protect some organs, and serves as a cite of fuel storage. Fat “depots” include hips, breasts, and belly |
| Reticular loose connective tissue | Consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells which resemble fibroblasts. Forms the stroma (internal framework) of an organ which can support free blood cells (largely lymphocytes). Found in Lymph nodes etc. |
| Blood or vascular tissue | Considered a connective tissue because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma. Functions as the transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying: ▪Nutrients ▪Wastes ▪Respiratory gases |
| Muscle tissues | Contracts, or shortens, to produce movement. In order to contract, muscle tissue must be irritable (able to respond to stimuli) • Three types of muscle tissue 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | Packaged by connective tissue sheets into skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull on bones or skin. Voluntarily (consciously) controlled. – Characteristics: Long cylindrical shape with striations and are multinucleate. |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Found only in the heart – Pumps blood through blood vessels (involuntarily controlled) – Characteristics: ▪Striations ▪One nucleus per cell ▪Short, branching cells ▪Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to connect cells together. |
| Smooth muscle tissue | Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels and is involuntary control. – Peristalsis- a wavelike motion, is a typical activity – Characteristics: ▪No visible striations ▪One nucleus per cell ▪Spindle-shaped cells |
| Nervous tissue | Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts, thus irritability and conductivity are their two major functional characteristics. • Composed of neurons and nerve support cells (neuroglia) |
| Tissue repair (wound healing) | Tissue repair (wound healing) occurs in two ways: 1. Regeneration- Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells. 2. Fibrosis- Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue) |
| Neoplasm | An abnormal growth of cells; also called a tumor, sometimes cancerous. |
| Hyperplasia | An increase in size of a tissue or organ that may occur when tissue is strongly stimulated or irritated |
| Atrophy | A reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use. |
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