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Ch. 3 Part 1 Cells

Part 1 Cells

TermDefinition
Passive processes substances are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell
Active processes the cell provides the metabolic energy (A T P) to drive the transport process
Types of passive membrane transport processes Simple diffusion - Osmosis - Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion The unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane (or any selectively permeable membrane)
Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane by a specific channel protein (aquaporin)
Facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion provides passage for certain needed substances (notably glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the pores. Instead they pass through membrane protein channels or are pass with a membrane protein carrier.
Isotonic solution Have the same solute and water concentrations as cells, maintains the cell shape.
Hypertonic solution Contain more solutes than the cells do, therefore water is drawn out of the cell changing its shape.
Hypotonic solution Solutions contain fewer solutes (more water) than the cells do, therefore water is drawn into the cell causing it to swell.
Filtration The passive process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) using a fluid pressure gradient.
Intracellular fluid Collectively the nucleoplasm and cytosol. Contains gases, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water.
Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) Fluid on the exterior of the cell. Contains nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste products.
Active membrane transport The use of ATP to energize protein carriers, which are called solute pumps. Amino acids, some sugars, and most ions are transported by solute pumps, and in most cases these substances move against concentration (or electrical) gradients.
Active transport example: sodium-potassium pump Necessary for nerve impulses. Sodium and potassium are pumped against their concentration gradients. Sodium is transported (pumped) out of the cell. Potassium is transported (pumped) into the cell.
Vesicular transport An active transport process in which items too large to pass through the plasma membrane are transported in bulk via a vesicle. (Endocytosis and Exocytosis)
Exocytosis Method for the movement of substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter the cells. (Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis)
Phagocytosis The ingestion of solid particles by cells.
Pinocytosis The engulfing of extracellular fluids by cells.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis The type of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors on the cell surface before endocytosis occurs.
Enzyme A substance formed by living cells that acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions in the body.
RNA The nucleic acid that contains ribose, acts in protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Long nucleotide strand that reflects the exact nucleotide sequence of the DNA gene; carry this information to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) Short-chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Transcription One of the two major steps in protein synthesis; The transfer of information from DNA base sequence to the complementary messenger RNA base sequence.
Translation The second major step in protein synthesis; information carried by messenger RNA is decoded and used to assemble amino acids into a protein.
Created by: Oahsis
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