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Biology Midterm
Honors Biology vocab and review for Semester 1 Midterm
| Question | |
|---|---|
| Biology | Study of life |
| Observation | Process of noticing or describing events in an orderly way |
| Hypothesis | well-tested explanation supported by many observations |
| Experiment | a scientific test in which you perform a series of actions and carefully observe their effects in order to learn about something. |
| Theory | testable, scientific explanation for observations |
| Control | Part of an experiment that is not changed so it can be compared |
| Constants | Variables that do not change |
| Dependent variable | in an experiment, the responding variable |
| Independent variable | In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated or changed |
| Homeostasis | living things maintaining a relatively stable internal environment |
| Isotope | Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
| Ion | Positively or negatively charged atom, formed by gaining or losing an electron |
| Anion | When the atom has more electrons than protons, it becomes a negative Anion |
| Cation | When the atom has more protons than electrons, it becomes a positive Cation |
| Carbs | Main source of energy, monosaccharides building blocks-simple sugars |
| Lipids | Long term energy, phospholipids, waxes, oils, fats |
| Proteins | Some are enzymes, help fight disease, help build tissues, amino acids building blocks |
| Nucleic Acids | Store and transmit genetic info, DNA, RNA, nucleotide building blocks |
| Atomic number | Number of protons |
| Atomic mass | Protons + neutrons |
| Covalent Bonds | bond that shares electrons |
| Ionic Bonds | bond that transfers electrons |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one atom are also attracted to other atoms, water possesses these bonds |
| PH 0-6 | Acids |
| PH 7 | Neutral |
| PH 8-14 | Bases |
| Acid | compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution |
| Bases | compound that forms hydroxide ions in solution |
| Water is polar | The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles - a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole (side). |
| Solute | Material that dissolves in the solvent, Ex) sugar |
| Solution | Homogenous mix of 1 or more solutes dissolved in solvent, Ex) lemonade |
| Solvent | Substance that dissolves the solute, Ex) water |
| Reactants | What goes into a chemical reaction |
| Products | What is produced from a chemical reaction |
| Cell | Smallest living organism, smallest unit of life |
| Prokaryote | Cell with no organelles |
| Eukaryote | Evolved from prokaryotes, has organelles |
| Organelle | "Small organ" in cells |
| Nucleus | Brain of the cell, control center, holds DNA |
| Cell membrane | Regulates what goes into and what leaves the cell |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane |
| Selectively Permeable | when a membrane only allows certain materials in |
| Cell theory | All organisms are made of cells(Hooke), all existing cells are produced by other cells(Schleiden and Schwann), cells are most basic unit of life(Leeuwenhoek) |
| Describe structure of cell membrane | Lipid bilayer |
| Differences between Eukaryote & Prokaryote | Eukaryote is newer, has organelles, animal and plant cells, prokaryote is older, no organelles, bacteria cells |
| (Central) Vacuole | central vacuole stores water and waste in a plant cell, takes up most of volume, vacuole stores materials |
| Vesicle | storage device |
| Lysosome | breaks down substances or old organelles with digestive enzymes contained within |
| Cytoskeleton | provides structure and support to cell |
| Centriole | organize cell division |
| Ribosome | protein maker |
| Rough ER | Holds ribosome parts, assembles proteins |
| Smooth ER | assembles lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | packages and processes the proteins for export from the cell |
| Chloroplasts | absorb sunlight to make energy for plant cell |
| Mitochondria | Breaks down organic compounds to make energy |
| Cell Wall | surrounds a PLANT cell, gives plants their rigid structure |
| Cell membrane | controls which substances enter or leave |
| Flagella | aids in cell movement |
| Cilia | aids in cell movement |
| Nuclear envelope | barrier that separates nucleus from cytoplasm |
| Nucleolus | synthesizes ribosomes |
| DNA | contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism |
| Diffusion | spreading of molecules into available space |
| Passive Transport | diffusion of a substance across a membrane |
| Active Transport | movement of a substance against its concentration gradient with the help of cellular energy |
| Facilitated Diffusion | passage of molecules and ions with transport protein across a membrane down the concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | movement of substances into the cell by a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | movement of substances out the cell by a vesicle |
| Lipid bilayer | the shape and structure of a cell membrane |
| Phospholipid | a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule |
| Transport Protein | proteins that transport substances across membranes |
| Pump Protein | proteins that actively move ions against the gradient of concentration across membranes |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Hypertonic | solution that contains a higher solute concentration than another solution |
| Hypotonic | solution that has a lower solute concentration in comparison to another solution |
| Isotonic | when there is an equilibrium of solute to solvent |
| Photosynthesis | process where chloroplasts absorb sunlight for energy |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment that absorbs sunlight for energy |
| ATP | source of energy, Adenosine Triphosphate |
| ADP | ATP with one less phosphate group, Adenosine Diphosphate |
| Stroma | interior of chloroplast |
| Thylakoid, granum | thylakoid is the single disc that hold light reactions, granum is a stack of thylakoids |
| Enzyme | catalyst that speeds up reactions |
| Substrate | key to the enzyme, fits in the enzyme to activate it |
| Activation Energy | energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Cellular Respiration | process that produces ATP from food |
| Aerobic | process or reaction that requires oxygen |
| Fermentation | the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen |
| Anaerobic | process or reaction that doesn't require oxygen |
| What factors effect Enzyme Activity | temperature, pH, and concentration |
| Where is energy stored in ATP | In the bonds |
| Photosynthesis Chemical equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Light Dependent Reactions | use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and O2, in thylakoid membranes |
| Light Independent Reactions(Calvin Cycle) | uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars, in stroma |
| What color do plants best grow in | red and blue |
| ATP produced from one glucose molecule | 32 ATP |
| Cellular Respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| True/False, the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration | True |
| Glycolysis(anaerobic) | happens in cytoplasm, breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP gained |
| Krebs Cycle(aerobic) | 2 ATP |
| Electron Transport Chain(Aerobic) | 28 ATP |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Respiration processes that don't require oxygen |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | produces lactic acid |
| What causes muscle soreness | Buildup of lactic acid |
| Haploid | haploid organisms only contain one complete chromosome set |
| Diploid | diploid cells contain two complete sets. |
| Asexual reproduction | reproduction that produces a cell that is identical to the parent |
| Chromosomes | packages of DNA molecules |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes which are identical |
| Centrioles | organize cell division |
| Spindle fibers | separate sister chromatids and move chromosomes during mitotic and meiotic division. |
| Mitosis | process by which a single parent cell divides to make 2 identical daughter cells |
| Meiosis | process by which a single parent cell divides to make 4 new daughter cells |
| Interphase | longest phase of cell cycle |
| G1 | resting phase |
| S | Cell replication phase |
| G2 | when organelles and proteins necessary for cell division are produced |
| PMAT | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Cytokinesis | Phase when cytoplasm is split to create two new cells |
| Chromatid | the two sticks that make up DNA |
| Centromere | the point that connects the two chromatids |
| Chromatin | the material that makes up chromosomes |
| Crossing over | where the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes takes place |
| Gametes | Sex cells, males are sperm, females are eggs |
| Sexual Reproduction | Reproduction that produces offspring that are not identical to parent |
| Compared to small cells, what trouble do large cells experience? | They have more trouble functioning |
| 4 Stages of cell cycle | G1, S, G2, Mitosis |
| Purpose of mitosis | to keep cell efficiency, when the cell gets to big it is overloaded |
| Result of MEIOSIS | 2 identical daughter cells |
| Prophase, Prophase 1, Prophase 2 | Chromosomes become visible, P1) Chromosomes condense, P2) new spindle forms around chromosomes |
| Metaphase, Metaphase 1, Metaphase 2 | Centrioles at opposite poles and chromatids lined up, M1) pairs of homologous chromosomes are moved to opposite poles, M2) chromatids line up in the middle |
| Anaphase, Anaphase 1, Anaphase 2 | Sister chromatids split and chromosomes move to opposite poles, A1) homologous chromosomes separate, A2) chromatids are separated, now chromosomes |
| Telophase, Telophase 1, Telophase 2 | Nuclear envelopes reform, T1) the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei, T2) nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes |
| Result of MEIOSIS | 4 unidentical daughter cells |
| What types of organisms undergo Meiosis | Eukaryotes |
| Replication | the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule |
| Gene | The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child |
| 3 parts of nucleotide | Base, sugar, phosphate |
| Shape of DNA Molecule | Double Helix |
| If DNA molecule has these bases what will the corresponding strand be: ATTGCCTCGATACG | TAACGGAGCTATGC |
| Steps of replication | Unzip the DNA strands with helicase, using the old strands as templates, create corresponding ones with DNA polymerase |
| Where does replication take place within cell | Nucleus |
| What phase of the cell cycle is happening when replication occurs | S phase |
| Complete Sentence: DNA replication results in two DNA molecules... | One is old and one is new |
| Histone | Protein that DNA |
| Replication Fork | Where the DNA unzips and starts to replicate |
| 8 characteristics of life | Cellular organization, Reproduction, DNA is genetic code, growth and development, metabolism, responsive to stimuli, homeostasis, evolution |
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