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Biology
Chapter 5- Biomolecules
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carbon | -Makes up 18% of the mass of the human body -helps in cellular respiration by which the body releases energy stored in glucose -main components of organic compounds |
| Hydrogen | -Accounts for 10% of the mass of the human body -essential in energy production -H+ ion can be used as a proton oump to produce ATP to regulate numerous chemical reactions |
| Oxygen | -the most abundant element in the body -makes up 61-65% of the mass of the human body -used for cellular respiration |
| Nitrogen | -approximately makes up 3% of the mass of the human body -key elements for proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic molecules |
| Phosphorus | -about 1.2-1.5% of the mass of the human body -important bone structure -primary energy molecule in the body -major components of nucleic acids |
| Sulfur | -about 0.20-0.25% of the mass of the human body -important component of amino acids and proteins -allows cells to use oxygen |
| Calcium | -accounts for 1.5% of human body weight -give skeletal system its rigidity and strength -found in bones and teeth -important for muscle functions |
| minerals | essential for the growth and maintenance of the body: silicon, chlorine, manganese, cobalt, copper, and zinc |
| element | substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical reaction |
| compounds | substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined together |
| inorganic compounds | compounds without carbon |
| organic compounds | compounds that contain carbon |
| water | inorganic compound that is a universal and versatile solvent |
| acids | inorganic compounds that taste sour, change color, react with some metals and bases, and promote chemical reactions |
| bases | inorganic compounds that accepts hydrogen ions, bitter taste, slippery, and turns red litmus paper into blue |
| electrolytes | inorganic compounds that can conduct electricity within the body |
| carbon dioxide | inorganic compound that is essential for plants to perform photosynthesis |
| macromolecules | made up of hundred or thousands of atoms |
| monomers | individual units of macromlecules |
| proteins | most abundant organic compound, responsible for cell structure formation, catalysis, defense |
| carbohydrate | are organic compounds that serve as the main source of energy in all organisms |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars which consist of one sugar unit |
| Disaccharides | complex sugars made up of two molecules chemically joined together |
| polysaccharides | complex sugars made up of chains and branches of monosaccharides |
| monosaccharides | glucose, galactose, and fructose |
| Disaccharides | maltose, sucrose, and lactose |
| polysaccharides | starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin |
| maltose | glucose + glucose |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose |
| lactose | galactose + glucose |
| starch | plant carbohydrate storage that is composed of glucose molecules |
| glycogen | serves as animal carbohydrate storage and can be easily broken down into glucose molecules |
| cellulose | found in cell wall of plants |
| chitin | found in the outer coverings of crustaceans and insects for protection and support |
| cellulase | needed by an organism to digest cellulose |
| Lipids | organic compound that contains fats and fat-like substances |
| nucleic acids | organic compounds that serve as genetic information storage molecules; provide information to make proteins; DNA & RNA |
| Saturated fatty acids | solid at room temp and found in animals |
| unsaturated fatty acids | liquid states and found in plants |
| enzymes | are selective and they control the chemical reaction in the cell |
| glucose | plant produce during photosynthesis |
| galactose | found in milk and dairy |
| fructose | sugar in fruits |
| fats, oils, waxes, steroids | main categories of lipids |
| hemoglobin in blood, collagen, enzymes, insulin | examples of proteins |
Created by:
yuniskie
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