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Biology Unit Test
Grade 10 Academic Science - Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why do cells divide | reproduce, grow, repair damage |
| which cells use cell division to reproduce | all cells, including single-celled organisms |
| what are somatic cells | body cells |
| what are gamates | sex cells |
| sexual reproduction requires how many parents | two |
| asexual reproduction requires how many parents | one |
| why is sexual reproduction special | because gametes contain only half of the DNA usually found in a cell (23) |
| how many stages are within the cell cycle | three |
| what is the first stage of the cell cycle | interphase |
| what is interphase? | The longest stage of the cell cycle. The cell grows and copies DNA. All cell activities are completed besides cell division |
| how many stages of interphase are there? | three |
| explain what the three stages of interphase are | G1 phase is where the cell grows. S phase is there the DNA is copied. G2 phase is where the cell prepares for mitosis. |
| what is the second stage of the cell cycle | mitosis (PMAT) |
| what is the first stage of mitosis? explain | prophase is when the chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear membrane starts to break down. |
| what is the second stage of mitosis? explain | metaphase is when spindle fibres connect to the chromosomes and line them up along the equator of the cell. The nuclear membrane has disappeared |
| what is the third stage of mitosis? explain | anaphase is where the centromere splits and sister chromosomes separate into daughter chromosomes. they appear to be pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
| what is the last stage of mitosis? explain | telophase is when the daughter chromosomes stretch and become thinner and no longer visible. the cell appears to have two nuclei |
| what is the last stage of the cell cycle | cytokinesis |
| explain cytokinesis | where the cytoplasm splits and divides along with the organelles. In plant cells, a cell wall forms. In animal cells, the cell membrane is pinched in the centre. two new cells are formed. |
| what type of cells are found in parent cells | somatic (body-cells) |
| what type of cells are found in daughter cells | somatic |
| how many cells are parent cells | one |
| how many cells are daughter cells | two |
| how many chromosomes does a parent cell have | 46 |
| how many chromosomes does a daughter cell have | 46 |
| what is the haploid # for humans | 23 |
| what is a haploid for humans | sex cells |
| what is a diploid for humans | body cells (somatic) |
| what is the diploid # for humans | 46 |
| are parent cells diploid or haploid | diploid |
| are daughter cells diploid or haploid | diploid |
| what happens to our chromosomes with each cell division | before a cell divides, DNA is copied for each daughter cell. But, due to the way our cells copy themselves, the ends of the chromosomes (telomeres) do not get copied. |
| what are telomeres | the regions at the ends of our chromosomes. they protect our chromosomes |
| what happens to a cell when telomeres shrink to a critical size | when telomeres shrink to a critical size your cells will start to take notice and stop dividing |
| how does telomerase work | it's an enzyme that extends telomeres, returning them to their original length. Theoretically, if the enzyme is turned on (it is turned off before we’re born and stays off) telomerase would pull cells that stopped working back into prime condition. |
| is reactivation of telomerase a good idea? | no, you could end up with cancer and die. the cells are able to restore the telomerase but they keep multiplying even after the telomerase is fixed |
| why is it not a huge problem that our telomeres are cut off | they don't contain important information |
| what is something special about embryonic stem cells (a type of cell in our bodies) | they have an enzyme that has the ability to restore and replace old and dysfunctional cells indefinitely |
| what is cancer | a group of diseases that divide uncontrollably |
| what makes cancer cells grow out of control | a change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle. the nucleus is being told to leave interphase before the required time |
| what do you call a rapidly growing mass of cells that form a lump | tumour |
| tumours may be _____ or _____ | malignant or benign |
| define malignant | cancerous |
| define benign | non-cancerous |
| what is metastasis | when cancer cells break away from the original tumour and spread throughout the body |
| what do you call a random change in a cells DNA | mutations |
| what do you call the death of a cell | apoptosis |
| when might a cell become cancerous | if the cell cycle DNA starts behaving abnormally |
| define carcinogen | environmental factors that cause cancer |
| what are some examples of carcinogens that you might experience in every day life | tobacco smoke, UV radiation |
| what is the most common type of cancer in canadians over 40 years of age | lung cancer |
| 9/10 cases of lung cancer are caused by ______ | smoking |
| list three factors that might affect a person's risk of getting cancer | personal/family medical history, exposure to carcinogens, lifestyle choices |
| where can screening be performed | at home, by a doctor, through genetic testing |
| what is the self skin exam | ABCDE |
| explain each letter of ABCDE | A- asymmetry, B- border, C- colour, D- diameter, E- evolution |
| some diagnostic imaging techniques include; | endoscopy, x-ray, ultrasound, ct scanning, mri |
| define biopsy | a sample of the suspected cancer cells is removed and examined under a microscope |
| what is the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis of cancer | biopsy |
| what is the purpose of cancer treatment | to slow down the growth of tumours or destroy as many cancer cells as possible |
| what are the three methods of conventional cancer treatment | surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy |
| define surgery | physically removing the cancerous tissue |
| define chemotherapy | treating cancer by use of drugs |
| define radiation | damages daughter cells by ionizing radiation so they can no longer divide |
| can you catch cancer from someone else | no, cancer is not contagious |
| can cancer be passed through genes | yes, you can be a carrier and not get cancer or be a carrier and get cancer |
| why should a doctor be worried if cancer is found in the bloodstream | it means the cancer is most likely travelling to other places in the body and using the blood as a transport system. it can also cause blood clots |
| why might a doctor not notice early signs of cancer | the symptoms and danger signs are very similar to common illnesses |
| why is the behaviour of cancer cells different than regular cells | they divide uncontrollably to a point where it is unsafe and harmful to the body. they can make mutations which may be malignant or benign |
| function of the cell membrane | controls movement of materials in and out of the cell |
| which cells are cell membranes found in | plant and animal cells |
| function of cell wall | protect and support the cell |
| which cells are cell walls found in | plant cells |
| function of cytoskeleton | helps maintain shape and support cell |
| which cells is cytoskeleton found in | plant and animal cells |
| what is a mitocondrion | one mitochondria |
| what is mitochondria | multiple mitochondria |
| function of mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, provides energy to cell |
| function of ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| which cells are ribosomes found in | plant and animal cells |
| which cells are mitochondria found in | plant and animal cells |
| function of endoplasmic reticulum | carry materials throughout the cell |
| how does endoplasmic reticulum become rough | has ribosomes attached |
| how does endoplasmic reticulum become smooth | no ribosomes attached |
| which cells are endoplasmic reticulums found in | plant and animal cells |
| function of cytoplasm | provide medium for parts of cell to operate in |
| which cells is cytoplasm found in | plant and animal cells |
| function of vacuoles | fluid filled space used for storage (nutrients) |
| how many vacuoles are typically found in animal cells (if any) | many smaller cells |
| how many vacuoles are typically found in plant cells | one central vacuole |
| function of chloroplasts | give plants green colour chlorophyll, needed for photosynthesis |
| which cells are chloroplasts found in | plant cells |
| function of nucleus | control center, contains DNA |
| which cells are nuclei found in | plant and animal cells |
| function of vesicle | carry packages protein to surface of cell |
| which cells are vesicles found in | plant and animal cells |
| function of golgi bodies | packaging, processing, secreting vesicles |
| which cells are golgi bodies found in | plant and animal cells |
| function of lysosomes | break down different substances |
| which cells are lysosomes found in | plant and animal cells |
| which organelles are only found in plant cells | chloroplasts, cell wall |
| what does the cell theory state | all living things are made of cells, the cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes, all cells are made from other cells |
| cells can be either very _____ or very ____ | simple, complex |
| give an example of something that is unicellular (single-celled) | bacteria |
| give an example of something that is multicellular | humans |
| prokaryotes _____ have a nucleus | do not |
| eukaryotes_____have a nucleus | do |
| do all living things have a nucleus | yes, but bacteria DOES NOT |
| the simplest life forms are called _____ | prokaryotes |
| the complex life forms are called _____ | eukaryotes |
| is most bacteria good or bad | good, about 98% |
| prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus but they do have _____ | a nucleoid region which hold the DNA |
| define DNA | genetic material of the cells (what makes it unique) |
| prokaryotes include which kingdoms | bacteria and archaea |
| prokaryotic cells have how many cells | they are unicellular |
| how do prokaryotic cells reproduce | aseuxllay |
| what are arachaebacteria | extremophiles |
| how many membrane-bound organelles do prokaryotic cells have | none |
| how many chromosomes do prokaryotic cells have | ONE circular chromosomes in the nucleoid region |
| relative size of a prokaryotic cell | 1-10 micrometers |
| what type of cell division occurs in prokaryotic cells | binary fission |
| what type of environment are prokaryotic cells | aerobic or anaerobic |
| what does aerobic require | oxygen |
| what does anaerobic not require | oxygen |
| eukaryotic cells are more complex or more simple | conplec |
| how many cells do eukaryotic cells have | unicellular or multicellular |
| do eukaryotic cells carry membrane-bound organelles? if yes, which | yes - mitochondria, lysosomes |
| how many chromosomes do eukaryotic cells have | at least two |
| relative size of eukaryotic cells | 10-100 micrometers |
| do eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually or asexually | sexually or asexally |
| do eukaryotic cells require oxygen | yes, they need it to survive |
| which kingdoms are included for eukaryotic cells (4) | plants, animals, fungi, protista |
| examples of fungi | mushrooms, yeast |
| examples of protista | amoeba, paramecium |
| how many cells do protists have | they are single cells BUT they have a nucleus |
| where are protists usually found | in a pond/pond water |
| what type of cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells | mitosis and meiosis |
| what environment are eukaryotic cells | aerobic |
| how many chromosomes do eukaryotic cells have | multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus |
| three things prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common | have ribosomes, cytoplasm & cell membrane, have cell walls, have flagella |
| function of centrioles | organize microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system |
| which cells are centrioles found in | animal cells |
| function of cytosol | gives a cell its shape, enables organelles to move within the cell |
| function of centrosomes | regulates cell motility |
| which cells are centrosomes found in | animal cells |
| which cells is cytosol found in | plant and animal cells |
| what is diffusion | when something spreads |
| what is the point of mitosis | separate a parent cell into two daughter cells and copy the DNA - cell division |
| what is a centromere | part of chromosomes where sister chromatids are held together |
| what is a chromosome | found in nucleus, carries genetic information |
| what is a chromatid | strands of replicated chromosome |
| what is chromatin | the material of which chromosomes are composed |
| what causes cancer | change occurs in the DNA - prevents the cells from staying in INTERPHASE for the normal period of time |
| what does it mean when a tumour is benign | it is NON-cancerous |
| what does it mean when a tumour is malignant | it is CANCEROUS |
| what are the two stages of the cell cycle | interphase, mitosis (including cytokinesis) |
| define carcinogen and provide three examples | environmental factors that cause cancer - tobacco smoke, UV radiation, certain chemicals in plastics |
| name three factors that affect a persons risk of developing cancer | personal+family medical history, carcinogens, lifestyle choices (eating healthy) |
| why is smoking so dangerous | cause/increase your risk of getting cancer |
| how is cancer diagnosed | using a biopsy |
| name three ways cancer can be treated | surgery, chemotherapy, radiation |
| what are stem cells | cells that do not have a function - your body uses them to replace worn out cells when they die |
| where in the body are stem cells found | bone marrow |
| what are the different types of stem cells | tissue stem cell, pluripotent stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cell |
| what is cells differentiation | when a less specialized cell (stem cell) becomes a more specialized cell |
| name four types of specialized cells | red blood cells, sperm cells, ciliated cells, nerve cells |
| what are some common features of all cells | WAITING FOR ANSWER KEY.... |
| what is sexual reproduction | production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals |
| what is asexual reproduction | production of new organisms from one parent |
| define mutation | random changes that occur in the cells DNA |
| what is cancer | when cells divide uncontrollably |
| define metastasis | when cells break away from the original tumour and move to a different part of the body |
| provide three facts about lung cancer | most common type of cancer in canadians over 40, 9/10 cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking, increases risk of over a dozen other types of cancer |
| what is a tumour | rapidly growing mass of cells that form a lump |
| where can cancer screening be performed | at home - self-examination / by a doctor - pap test, blood test, skin check / through genetic testing - family history |
| why is cancer screening important | increases the likelihood of early detection |
| what is the skin self exam | A-asymmetry, B-border, C-colour, D-diameter, E-evolution |
| what are some diagnostic imaging techniques (5) | endoscopy, x-ray, ultrasound, CT scanning, MRI |
| what is the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis of cancer | biopsy, a sample of the suspected cancer cells is removed and examined under a microscope |
| give three ways to treat cancer and briefly explain each | surgery - physically removing the cancerous tissue, chemotherapy - treating cancer using drugs, radiation, damages daughter cells by ionizing radiation so they can't divide |
| why might it be easy to overlook cancer in it's early stages | the symptoms of cancer are very similar to symptoms of common illnesses |
| main function of red blood cells | carry oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body |
| main function of muscle cells | create a pulling force to stabilize or move parts of the body |
| main function of nerve cells | sensory, communication with body, coordination of movements |
| how does the shape of red blood cell relate to its function | biconcave shape allows oxygen exchange at a constant rate over the largest possible area |
| how does the shape of muscle cells relate to its function | elongated shape allows overlapping patterns that makes muscle flexing possible |
| how does the function of nerve cells relate to its function | branching shape allows for interacting with their environment and with other nerve cells |
| what is the function of fat cells | store energy |
| how does the shape of fat cells relate to its function | its oval shape allows for energy storage |
| main function of sperm cells | reproduction - released and meet with an egg cell |
| how does the shape of sperm cells relate to its function | its streamlines bodies allows the sperm cells to move rapidly in order to reach the egg cell |
| Place this in order from largest to smallest: Organs, Organism, Tissues, Organ Systems, Cells, Organelles | organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles |
| what are the four types of tissues, provide an example for each | connective - bone, epithelial - skin, nervous tissue - brain, muscle tissue - caridac |
| function of connective tissue | provides structure, support, and defense - insulation |
| where is connective tissue found | bone, tendons, blood |
| function of epithelial tissue | protection from dehydration, low-friction surfaces |
| where is epithelial tissue found | skin, lining of the digestive system |
| function of nervous tissue | sensory, communication with body, coordination of movements |
| where is nervous tissue found | brain, nerves in sensory organs |
| function of muscle tissue | movement inside and outside body |
| where is muscle tissue found | muscles that make bones move, muscles surrounding the digestive tract and heart |
| what do tissue stem cells do | replace existing stem cells that die or are damaged |
| what do pluripotent stem cells do | divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body |
| what do induced pluripotent stem cells do | are changed to become any type of cell |
| when does cell differentiation occur | numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism |
| what is a cell | simplest unit of life |
| what is tissue | a group of specialised cells that perform a function |
| what is an organ | a structure composed of two or more types of organs working together to perform a complex body function |
| what is an organ system | a system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major body function such as delivering nutrients and oxygen to the body. |
| What type of tissue would you expect to find in the stem of a plant? Explain your answer. | Connective tissue. It provides support, protection, and rigidity to the plant. |
| What are two characteristics of stem cells? | Unspecialized/undifferentiated and self-regenerating |
| What is a stem cell? Explain why these cells are of great interest to researchers. | Stem cells are cells that do not have a function (unspecialised). They have the potential to become all other types of cells in the body. Your body uses stem cells to replace worn out cells when they die. |
| Explain the role of cell specialisation in the development of tissues. | Cell specialisation is when cells begin to show differences in their shapes, contents, and functions. |
| define digestion | breaking down food into smaller molecules of nutrients to be absorbed into the blood stream |
| what is the main function of the digestive system | to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste from the body |
| name the main organs of the digestive system | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus (accessory organs) |
| what is peristalsis | muscular contractions that move the food along your entire digestive system |
| what is mechanical digestion | physical breakdown of food - mouth, esophagus |
| what is chemical digestion | use of chemical to break down food - enzymes, acids, and bases |
| what is an accessory organ? | an organ that is important but food does not travel through them |
| what is insulin and why is it important | hormone that regulates blood sugar levels |
| which organ is insulin produced in | pancreas |
| Trace the path of food as it moves through the digestive tract by listing the structures in order that food will pass through | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| give three examples of accessory organs and their funcitons | liver - removes and filters toxins, gall bladder - stores bile, pancreas - creates enzymes that break down foods AND produces insulin |
| main function of the mouth | eating and speaking |
| main function of the esophagus | carry food and liquid from mouth to your stomach |
| main function of the stomach | breaks down food |
| main function of the small intestine | helps further digest food coming from the stomach |
| main function of the large intestine | absorb water and salts that has not been digested as food |
| main function anus | controls when stool should and should not be released |
| what is the main function of the circulatory system | "highway" of the body - transports gasses, nutrients, and waste products around the body |
| what are the four chambers of the heart | two atriums (left and right), and two ventricles (left and right) |
| what are the three main parts of the circulatory system | blood, heart, blood vessels |
| what are the four components of blood | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma |
| what are the three different types of heart tissues | cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue |
| what are the three types of blood vessels | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| which side of the heart is oxygen rich | the right side (red) |
| which side of the heart is oxygen poor | left (blue) |
| between ventricles and and atriums, which are larger - out of your answer, which side is larger | ventricles are larger - the left is the largest |
| ARTERIES ALWAYS go _____ from the heart | away |
| arteries USUALLY carry __________ blood | oxygenated blood |
| which artery does NOT carry oxygenated blood | pulmonary artery |
| VEINS ALWAYS go _____ the heart | towards |
| veins USUALLY carry _________ blood | deoxygenated |
| which vein does NOT carry deoxygenated blood | pulmonary vein |
| which part of the body is the site for gas exchange | capillaries |
| where does deoxygenated blood leave your heart from | pulmonary artery |
| how many chambers does the heart have | four |
| what is the difference between the atria and ventricles and where is each located in the heart (top or bottom) | WAITING FOR ANSWER KEY.... |
| describe the path taken by the blood. Name the structures oxygenated blood would pass through as it enters the left atrium and exits the heart | WAITING FOR ANSWER KEY.... |
| Describe the path taken by the blood. Name the structures the deoxygenated blood would go through as it enters the heart and exits the heart to the lungs | WAITING FOR ANSWER KEY.... |
| main purpose of the respiratory system | gas exchange - allowing us to breathe |
| what are the four stages of respiration | breathing, external respiration (gas exchange between alveoli and capillary), internal respiration (gas exchange between capillaries and body-cells), cellular respiration (using o2 and glucose to make energy at the cells) |
| two structures where gas exchange occurs | alveoli (of the lungs) and capillaries (of the blood) |
| define diffusion | particles moving from high concentration to low concentration |
| what role does diffusion play in gas exchange | 02 from the air you breathe in diffuses into the bloodstream |
| what are the two main structures involved in breathing | bronchial tubes and lungs |
| What two muscles are involved in inhaling and exhaling? | diaphragm and rib cage muscles |
| explain the process of gas exchange | WAITING FOR ANSWER KEY.... |
| Is O2 higher or lower in the alveoli compared to the capillaries? | o2 is higher in the alveoli compared to the capillaries |
| Is CO2 higher or lower in the alveoli compared to the capillaries? | co2 is lower in the alveoli compared to the capillaries |
| describe the steps involved in inhaling | diaphragm moves down, rib cage moves up and out, volume of chest cavity increases, pressure decreases, and AIR MOVES IN |
| describe the steps involved in exhaling | diaphragm moves up, rib cage moves down and in, volume of chest cavity decreases, pressure increases, and AIR MOVES OUT |
| Describe the path taken by a breath of air when you inhale. Name the structures the air passes in order. Start with the mouth, and end with the alveoli. | air travels from your mouth when you inhale, down your pharynx, passes through your larynx and into your trachea, your bronchial tubes then send the air to either the left or right lung where the o2 then meets the alveoli for gas exchange CHECKCHECKCHECK |
| where do we want oxygen (O2) to go | to our cells |
| Describe the path taken by a breath of air when you exhale. Name the structures the air passes in order. | the co2 from the capillaries goes to the alveoli, then it is sent up the bronchioles to the bronchi, where it is then sent through the trachea to be exhaled CHECKCHECKCHECK |
| main organs involved in the respiratory system | lungs, nose, trachea |
| main organs involved in the digestive system | mouth, esophagus, stomach |
| main organs involved in the circulatory system | heart, blood, blood vessels |
| main organs involved in the muscular system | seletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle |
| main organs involved in the skeletal system | bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons |
| main organs involved in the reproductive system | ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina |
| main organs involved in the nervous system | brain, spinal cord |
| main organs involved in the urinary system | kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| main organs involved in the endocrine system | female ovaries, male testes, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands |
| main organs involved in the lymphatic system | bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels |
| main organs involved in the integumentary system | skin, nails, hair |
| main function of the respiratory system | allow us to breathe - gas exchange |
| main function of the digestive system | break nutrients down into small enough pieces for your body to use for energy, growth, and cell repair |
| main function of the circulatory system | carry oxygen to body and cells, and remove waste (co2) from our body |
| main function of the muscular system | movement |
| main function of the skeletal system | give body its shape |
| main function of the reproductive system | reproduce |
| main function of the respiratory nervous | transmit signals to the brain and body |
| main function of the urinary system | filter blood and create urine |
| main function of the endocrine system | release hormones into the bloodstream |
| main function of the lymphatic system | maintain fluid levels in body tissues |
| main function of the integumentary system | physical protection against germs and bacteria |
| how many organ systems are there | eleven |
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juliasavoy
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