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MSE 425 Final
You are going to do so well!!
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| atom | has the same number of protons and electrons, has a net charge of zero |
| ion | does not have the same number of protons as electrons, has a negative (anion) or positive (cation) net charge |
| biomaterial | a synthetic material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue |
| biomechanics | the study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms |
| biological material | a material produced by a living organism |
| biocompatibility | acceptance of an artificial implant by the surrounding tissues and the body as a whole |
| solid solution | when you add 2 materials together but they stay in the same phase |
| toughness | approximately the area under the stress-strain curve, the amount of energy a material can absorb before it fails |
| true stress | force over area where area is measured instantaneously and changes as force is applied |
| necking | what happens once you exceed the ultimate tensile stress, section of the material will start to get thinner and thinner and eventually breaks |
| imperfections | defects in an otherwise perfect crystal structure, can be point defects (substitutions, vacancies, interstitial) or line defects (grain boundaries, dislocations) |
| lattice constant | the dimensions of the unit cell |
| metallic bonding | bonding where electrons are in a cloud around the nuclei, allows for good conductivity and for dislocations to form, non-directional |
| polycrystalline | a material made up of multiple crystals/grains that has grain boundaries |
| limited solubility | when you mix two elements together, you usually will get to a point where you cannot mix any more of the second element in without creating a second phase or precipitate |
| unit cell | the smallest representation of the configuration of atoms in a material |
| young's modulus | the slope of the elastic/linear part of the stress/strain curve, defined by Hooke's Law |
| engineering stress | stress calculated as force over area where area is the original area and therefore does not change as force is applied |
| Hooke's law | defines young's modulus as equal to the stress over the strain |
| isotropic | a material that has identical properties no matter what direction is considered, properties do not depend on direction |
| wrought | a processing technique that uses some form of work to plastically deform metals (either cold working or rolling or something) |
| rhombohedral | the crystal structure of alpha-aluminum |
| proliferation | cells continue to grow and divide |
| differentiation | cells divide into groups based on their specific role or function in the body |
| implant | used to support, heal, and help existing parts of the body |
| prosthetic | used to replace a part of the body entirely |
| sol-gel | solution gelation, a process for making bioactive glass that takes lower temps but longer time than melt-quenched |
| bioactive | material that interacts with the cells of the body, usually on the surface of the material |
| osteoblasts | cells that help to stimulate bone growth and mineralization |
| osteoconduction | creation of new bone on the surface of an implant facilitated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| osteoclasts | cells that break down bone so that new bone can be formed |
| inoculant | an alloying element that forms smaller grain sizes than the pure metal |
| passivation | when a material protects itself against corrosion, normally by creating a thin oxide film on the surface |
| graft | tissues are taken from some location or organism and attached to your own tissue and body |
| autograft | the tissue comes from your own body |
| allograft | the tissue comes from another human |
| xenograft | the tissue comes from another non-human organism, usually a pig |
| hydroxyapatite | mineral component of bone that makes up about 70% of bone, chemical formula of Ca10(Po4)6(OH)2, can be made synthetically |
| collagen | most abundant protein in bone, about 30% of total bone, structural protein that plays the role of scaffolding in the bone |
| sintering | a processing method that uses just heat to attach two materials together (usually powders) |
| hot pressing | a processing method that uses heat and pressure to attach materials together |
| stress shielding | when an implanted material takes on more stress and load than the original material because it has a higher young's modulus |
| allotropy | when a metal changes crystal structure in response to temperature (Ni-Ti, Ti) |
| syntotactic | configuration of a stereoisomer where R groups are alternating from side to side along the backbone chain |
| index of biocompatibility | measure of how well/quickly the material will interact with the body, related to the time it takes to form 50% of the bonds between the body and the material |
| peptide | the smaller parts that make up a protein |
| protein | polypeptide, made up of many different peptides |
| periprosthetic | close to the prosthetic |
| osteolysis | removal or breaking down of bone |
| ossification | bone is able to grow on an implant, such as titanium |
| cell viability | the number of alive, healthy, and functioning cells |
| cytokines | peptides that are used in tissue engineering to help the removed cells grow into the specific type of tissue |
| stem cells | cells that haven't been given a specific role in the body |
| tissue engineering | combining scaffolds, cells, and biological materials to create tissue that can then be implanted back into the body to help restore or replace damaged tissue and organs |
| osteosynthesis | a reconstructive surgery where you try and put pieces of bone that have been broken apart during a fracture back together using mechanical devices |
| corrosion | the (usually) unwanted change in the surface of a material once it is exposed to the body environment, either chemical or physical change, achieved through chemical factors (redox reactions) |
| crevice corrosion | localized corrosion that may be initiated at a surface defect |
| cortical bone | hard outer part of bone that supports it and gives it structure |
| trabecular bone | inside of bone, softer and less strong than cortical bone |
| anastomosis | surgical connection between adjoining blood vessels |
| toxic | kills cells |
| tri calcium phosphate | supplement where Ca is bound to a phosphate molecule, can aid in bone mineralization and regeneration |
| hexagonal | crystal structure of magnesium |
| septic loosening | driven by a bacterial infection and corrodes the implant or the cells around it so the device moves out of place and cannot function |
| equiaxed | sphere-like microstructure |
| columner | microstructure that looks like columns |
| lenticular | microstructure that looks like a bean or football |
| mandibula | lower jaw, has more cortical bone and is therefore stronger and more dense than the upper jaw |
| maxilla | upper jaw, has less cortical bone and is therefore weaker and less dense than the lower jaw |
| hydrogels | soft and hydrophilic, used in soft contact lenses |
Created by:
burge194
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