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TOPIC 3

LYSOSOMES AND PEROXISOMES AND CHLOROPLAST

QuestionAnswer
what is a lysosome • digest macromolecules • resident proteins modified by Golgi apparatus, trafficked via vesicles
lysosome facts contain acid hydrolases which require an acidic environment to function • pumps out macromolecules that can be either used for metabolism or secreted • can degrade all cellular components diagram
why are lysosomes heterogeneous most organelles are relatively uniform structures but... •because of their wide diversity of function and the way they are formed • they are formed by the fusion of a vesicle (late endosome, phagosome or autophagosome) with an existing lysosome
what are the 3 pathways to deliver materials to endosomes endocytosis • phagocytosis • autophagy
what are peroxisomes • single-membrane organelles • found in eukaryotic cells • Peroxisomes Use Molecular Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide to Perform Oxidation Reactions • site of b oxidation, where fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA (also occurs in mitochondria of mammals)
molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide RH2 + O2 → R + H2O2 but H2O2 is highly toxic, therefore peroxisomes perform “peroxidation”: H2O2 + R’H2 → R’ + 2 H2O catalase can also eliminate H2O2 by converting it to H2O: 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
what is Zellweger syndrome peroxisomal biogenesis disorder • abnormalites in brain, liver, kidneys and other physical deformities • most infants do not survive past 6 months
what is a chloroplast site of photosynthesis • harvest energy from light and fix CO2 as carbohydrates • may be ancient trapped Cyanobacteria light reactions: photosynthetic e- transfer dark reactions: carbon fixation (Calvin cycle
explain carbon dioxide fixation in general: light + CO2 + 2H2A  (CH2O) + 2A + H2O ** where H2A is the electron donor oxygenic photosynthesis (produces oxygen) utilizes H2O as the electron donor: light + 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
describe anatomy of chloroplast diagram
how does chloroplast harvest light pigments such as chlorophyll are embedded in the thylakoid membrane organized into light harvesting complexes and photosystems special chlorophyll a in PS converts solar energy to chemical energy
absoprtion Figure 14-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) why? electrons harvested from H20, which has a very low ΔEo' not enough energy would be produced to keep the cell alive
PS I and PS II 3 steps
recycling the e- Figure 14-51 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) e- transport chains in the chloroplasts are located on the thylakoid membrane, not the inner membrane diagram
what is the Calvin cycle • Melvin Calvin, Andrew Benson, James Bassham • Calvin awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1961 • also called Calvin-Benson cycle or reductive pentose phosphate cycle • this cycle is used by most organisms that get their carbon from CO2
explain Calvin cycle diagram • each turn of the cycle fixes one carbon (this slide shows three turns) • start with 5-C carbohydrate, add CO2 making 6-C carbohydrate. This is then split into 2 x 3-C carbohydrates
SUMMARY OF TOPIC 3 • introduction to mitochondria • electron transport chain and ATP production as a product of mitochondrial processes • introduction to chloroplasts • photosynthesis and the Calvin cycle
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