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bio 200 final exam
final exam study questions and terms to know for bio 200 fall semester 2022
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the appropriate term for an interbreeding group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area | Population |
| Emergent properties of living systems are properties that | are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases |
| In an ecosystem, nutrients __________ and energy __________ | are recycled; flows through |
| What are the four most abundant elements found in living systems | Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon |
| What subatomic particle has negligible mass | Electrons |
| Which subatomic particles has appreciable mass but no charge | Neutrons |
| The number of protons in an uncharged atom | equals the number of electrons |
| An element has eight protons, nine neutrons, and eight electrons. Its atomic number and atomic mass, respectively, are | 8 and 17 |
| An uncharged atom of nitrogen (atomic number = 7) has | seven protons and seven electrons |
| In what way will isotopes of an element always differ | Atomic mass |
| A particular carbon isotope has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 14. The respective numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons that this carbon isotope has are | 8, 6, and 6 |
| Phosphorus-32 (radioactive) has __________ than phosphorus-35 (normal) | three fewer neutrons |
| The most common form of calcium has 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 20 electrons. Which of the following elements would be an isotope of calcium | An atom with 20 protons, 21 neutrons, and 20 electrons |
| Why are radioactive isotopes useful in scientific research | Because they can be used as tracers to follow particular atoms and molecules through metabolic pathways |
| The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the | number of electrons in its outermost shell |
| Some groups of chemical elements react similarly to one another. For example, the chemistries of sodium and of lithium are similar, as are the chemistries of chlorine and of iodine. These similarities in result when different elements have similar | numbers of outer-shell electrons |
| When one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two neutral atoms, what type of bond is formed | A covalent bond |
| When do hydrogen bonds occur | When partial opposite charges on molecules come close enough to attract each other |
| What is the role of van der Waals interactions in biological molecules | Although they are weak bonds, van der Waals interactions help to reinforce the three-dimensional shapes of large molecules. |
| Water is a polar molecule. What does this statement mean | That atoms in the molecule have partial charges as a result of unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond |
| The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of | the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule |
| In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between which of the following | The oxygen atom in one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in another water molecule |
| The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding | is called cohesion, acts to moderate temperature, provides the surface tension that allows small animals to move across a water surface, and helps to keep water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk |
| What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water | All are properties related to hydrogen bonding |
| The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are | both caused by water's partial charges |
| The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through vessels in a tree is | cohesion |
| Adhesion is best described as | The clinging of one substance to another substance |
| The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by 1°C is defined as | the specific heat of that substance |
| The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as | the heat of vaporization of that substance |
| Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are | polar |
| How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances | Because it is polar, water's negatively charged oxygen atoms and positively charged hydrogen atoms are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules. |
| Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules | In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside cells from the aqueous solutions inside cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water. |
| An acid is | a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution |
| Adding acid tends to __________ of a solution | increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH |
| Adding a base tends to __________ of a solution | lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH |
| A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH– in a solution is a | buffer |
| Cohesion and Adhesion | Cohesion: Water is attracted to water, and Adhesion: Water is attracted to other substances |
| Surface Tension | The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules |
| What are the six most important chemical elements of life | Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, sulfur |
| What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms | Each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions. |
| Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons | Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy |
| Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they | share the same functional group: a hydroxyl |
| Which of the following molecules has a carboxyl functional group | R—COOH |
| Which of the following examples best describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group | The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly. |
| Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water | Phosphate group |
| Hydroxyl group | —OH, forms hydrogen bonds with water |
| Carbonyl group | >C=O, sugars |
| Carboxyl group | —COOH, acts as an acid (can donate H+) because of the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar |
| Amino group | —NH2, acts as a base (can pick up an H+ from surrounding solutions) |
| Sulfhydryl group | —SH, help stabilize protein structures |
| Phosphate group | —OPO3^-2, contributes negative charge to chains of phosphates |
| Methyl group | —CH3, affects expression of genes when bonded to DNA or to proteins |
| What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers | Dehydration reaction |
| In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process, water is __________ | a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers; consumed |
| The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond | covalent |
| The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by _________ | glycosidic linkages |
| Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they __________ | are not truly polymers |
| The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called its | tertiary structure |
| When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality | Denaturation breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function. |
| The peptide bond is | a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide |
| The "primary structure" of a protein refers to | the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain |
| Carbohydrates | monomer: monosaccharides polymer: polysaccharides |
| Protein | monomer: amino acids polymer: polypeptides |
| Lipids | monomer: fatty acids and glycerol polymer: lipids (no true polymers) |
| Nucleic Acids | monomer: nucleotide polymer: nucleic acids |
| What is a triglyceride made up of | 3 fatty acids and a glycerol |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats | unsaturated fats have an extra chain. unsaturated is liquid at room temp |
| What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane | Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores. |
| Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell | Ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the following sequences represents the order in which a protein made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum might move through the endomembrane system | Golgi apparatus → lysosome |
| A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized | in the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true | Chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins |
| Microtubules and microfilaments commonly work with which of the following to perform many of their functions | Golgi apparatus |
| Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true | Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm |
| Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following | motor proteins |
| Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through | plasmodesmata |
| Tight Junctions | the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins |
| Gap Junctions | provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and aid in mechanical, transport and signaling functions |
| Microfilaments | made of actin |
| Mircotubules | made of tubulin |
| Desmosomes | functions like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets |
| Intermediate filaments | a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
| Parts of the endomembrane system | nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the ER, and Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane |
| The plasma membrane is referred to as a "fluid mosaic" structure. Which of the following statements about that model is true | The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the mobility of phospholipids, and embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect |
| Consider the currently accepted fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found | In the interior of the membrane |
| Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane is correct | Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition |
| Which of the following statements about passive transport is correct | Passive transport permits the solute to move in either direction, but the net movement of solute molecules occurs down the concentration gradient of the molecule |
| Which of the following statements about diffusion is true | it is a passive process |
| Hypertonic | water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink |
| Hypotonic | water enters the cell, causing it to swell |
| Isotonic | no net movement of water |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in the fluid bilayer of phospholipids |
| Seawater is hypertonic to cytoplasm in vertebrate cells and in plant cells. If a red blood cell and a plant cell were placed in seawater, what would happen to the two types of cells | Both cells would lose water; the red blood cell would shrivel, and the plant plasma membrane would pull away from the cell wall. |
| Which of these statements describes some aspect of facilitated diffusion | Facilitated diffusion of solutes may occur through channel or transport proteins in the membrane. |
| Facilitated diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy |
| Active transport | the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient |
| Passive transport | the movement of a substance across a cell membrane, using no energy |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Diffusion | the movement of particles, from high to low concentration |
| Which of the following is false in regard to facilitated diffusion | Facilitated diffusion requires the hydrolysis of ATP |
| Sodium-potassium pump | a transport protein in the plasma membrane of an animal cell that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. |
| Active transport requires an input of energy and can also generate voltages across membranes. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true | The sodium-potassium pump hydrolyzes ATP and results in a net positive change outside the cell membrane. |
| Which of the following correctly describes a general property of all electrogenic pumps | Electrogenic pumps create a voltage difference across the membrane. |
| Which of the following statements about cotransport of solutes across a membrane is correct | Cotransport proteins allow a single ATP-powered pump to drive the active transport of many different solutes. |
| Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific kind of molecule | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Which of the following processes and organelles account for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane | Exocytosis and smooth ER and rough ER |
| Electrochemical gradient | the diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential. |
| Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways | Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways. |
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