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BIEN 1110 Midterm
Intro to Biomedical Engineering
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How biomaterials relates to orthopedics | joints replacements(hip, knee), arthroplasty(shoulder, knee), cervical disectomy(lumbar) |
| Ligaments | Bone to bone |
| Tendons | muscle to muscle |
| How biomaterials relates to plastic/vascular surgery | skin grafts, temporary care |
| Biomaterials relates to cardiovascular surgery | soft tissue, mechanical vs biological valves, stents |
| Biomaterials design questions | Loading, means of attachment, immune response, required surgical tools, sizing(patient variablility, custom, shelf), risk factors (conditions , elective), failure modes and revision(can we get it back out?) |
| Material properties Loading Modes | compression, tension, shear, bending (spine), torsion (twist spine) |
| Material Properties Loading rates | slow (static), fast (dynamic) |
| Material Properties Loading Frequency | Constant, intermittent (day and night, exercise and rest), |
| Material Properties Material testing | Plot displacement( vs force or strain), MTS matching |
| Tensile Loading | similar to how skin works |
| Invivo testing | soft tissue behavior under tensile loading (challenge of testing intact tissue), nondestructive, patient safety |
| Soft tissue closures | sutures, clips, topical adhesives, skin closure strips |
| Soft tissue closure recommendations | 1.Hold in a position 2. Provide mechanical support while healing |
| SKin graft | when skin from one part of the body is transplanted to another area |
| Temporary burn cover | usually skin from another person or animal is used to repair |
| Gender most amputees are | Men |
| Reasons for amputation | Disease (75%), Trauma (22%), Deformities (3%) |
| Lower Extremity Amputees | 40% Transfemoral (above knee), 60% Trans tibial (below knee) |
| Upper Extremity Amputees | 30% TRans humeral(above elbow), 70% trans radial (below elbow) |
| How cardiovascular and pulmonary system respond to changes in organ demand | sporting and fitness, psychological stress, digestion (lance Armstrong's heartbeat is low, stroke volume and vo2max are high) |
| How does body size affect cardiovascular anatomy? | It doesn't (tree shrew and whale have same mean blood pressure) |
| How do biomechanical forces influence device design | stents, etc |
| Blood flow through an idealized artery | intrinsic pressure drop across vascular system |
| POusille's Law | Q= (pir^4)(P1-P2)/8mewL |
| Assumptions of POusille's Law | 1. Steady flow 2. Laminar flow 3. Rigid tube 4. Newtonian 5. No slip 6. Fully developed |
| How do hemodynamic forces influence the bodily response to device implantation? | Create more shear stress on vessel |
| Conservation of mass in relation to blood flow | amount of flow leaving equals amount of flow coming back |
| Change in diameter | important to to blood flow according to Pousille's law |
| Arterioles | primarily how resistance is regulated, regulates peripheral resistance to meet metabolic demand |
| Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid because | it exhibits changes in viscosity with shear rate |
| Fun facts about blood | rheology-how materials deform or flow in response to applied forces, blood can be described as fluid with suspended particles, blood's viscosity depends on hemocrit |
| shear stress | blood flow creates friction on vessels |
| Blood is shear thinning meaning | as amount of hemocrit increases the viscosity increases |
| example of hemodynamic measurements | aortic flow probe,intravascular pressure measurement (catheter with sensor at tip), extravascular measurement (fluid filled catheter with sensor), left ventricular vessel transducer |
| Two types of instrumentation | pulsed doppler velocity- transit flow velocity |
| pulsed doppler velocity | determined by frequency of sound backscattered from moving blood cells |
| transit flow velocity | determined by amount of time it takes for ultrasonic pulse to pass in one direction vs the other |
| Non-invasive blood flow measurements | phase contrast MRI,Spectral Doppler Ultrasound |
| Top 3 killers in world | Heart disease, Stroke, Lower respitratory infections |
| Killers in the developing world | LRI, HIV/AIDS, Diarhea, TB, Malaria, TRaffic? |
| Mortality rate's influence on world economy | as mortality rates go down economic productivity goes up |
| Factors effecting mortality in developing world | nutrition, clean water, hygiene, housing, levels of infectious diseases,health care availability, micronutrients |
| How BME can help | ultra-low cost solutions,simple solutions, power free solutions, EWH/Hospitals, assisitive devices, HIV/AIDS equipment,respiratory care/Nebulizers |
| Ethical framework | rubric for moral decision making, norms for distribution and fairness, outcome based assessments, duty based assessments, character based assesments |
| Distributive norms | equity(merit), equality, need |
| Outcome based assessment (ultilitarian) | Risk( to subject)<Benefit (to subject and society), demonstrate validity of research,nature and magnitude of risks and rationale for determining risks, rule out inhumane treatments no matter what |
| Duty Based assessments | moral duty to act or not act despite the outcome, respect for a person's autonomy, factors determining autonomy (stakeholder theory,threat advantage,informed consent) |
| Ultimate rubric | facts+values =justified decision |
| AED | Automated External Device,detects ventricular fibrillation, shocks heart back into normal rhythm, easy to use with big pictures and audio directions. $1200-2200 |
| Pacemakers and inmplantable defibrillators | can pace contantly or on demand, expensive ($10000), |
| Deep Brain Simulation | Translates pacemaker technology to the nervous system and brain, can help treat parkinsons and other tremor, dystonia diseases, possibly epilepsy and affective disorders, looking into new mechanisms of treatment and implantation and energy sources |
| How frequency of ultrasound is chosen | based on trade-off between higher resolution and greater imaging depth |
| Why do we use the ultrasound gel | does not penetrate air or bone well, beam must be as perpendicular to vessel but parallel as possible to blood flow when using pulse wave |
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