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243 FINAL
243 EXAM 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| secondary spinal cord injury | progressive damage due to compromised blood flow |
| tetraplegia | cervical segment, all four limbs impaired |
| paraplegia | thoracic, sacral, lumbar segment, 2 limbs impaired |
| complications of spinal cord injury | bowel and bladder dysfunction, temperature regulation, DVT, dependent edema, skin integrity |
| autonomic dysreflexia | T6 injury, hypertension, full bladder or pain |
| autonomic dysreflexia lower extremities | goosebumps, cool, pale, moist |
| autonomic dysreflexia upper extremities | flushed, slow heart rate |
| decerebrate | rigidity, palms outward |
| decorticate | internal rotation |
| brain death | loss of function, absence of reflexes, respirations |
| persistent vegetative state | lost cognitive function, spontaneous eye opening, no comprehension |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain leads to local hemorrhage and cerebral edema |
| status epilepticus | constant seizures |
| psychogenic seizures | no activity on EEG, manifestations head shaking, closed eyes |
| gastric ulcer manifestation | epigastric pain after food ingestion, nausea, vomiting |
| reparative stage bone healing | callus formation replaces blood clot |
| risk factor for osteoarthritis | women, age |
| osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease, wear and tear, erosion of articular cartilage, asymmetrical |
| symptoms of SLE | arthralgia, arthritis, proteinuria |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | B cell hyperactivity, immune complex forms and activates leading to lupus vasculitis |
| diagnosis SLE | antinuclear antibodies ANA, anti DNA, ESR, C reactive protein |
| rheumatoid arthritis | inflammation in synovial spaces, destructive granulation tissue fill joint spaces |
| rheumatoid arthritis manifestations | symmetrical, aching, pain, instability |
| impetigo | superficial bacterial infection, serous liquid hardens |
| bullous impetigo | staph aureus, eruption and coalesce |
| cellulitis | dermis and subcutaneous, expanding red, swollen, tender |
| type 1 herpes | oropharyngeal infections, respiratory droplets |
| type 2 herpes | genital herpes |
| angioedema | swelling of tongue and upper airways |
| diverticulitis | herniation of tissue of the large intestine through muscular layer of colon |
| diverticulitis pain | left lower quadrant, nausea and vomiting |
| Cushing triad | intracranial pressure manifestation of increased arterial pressure, widen pulse pressure, decreased pulse |
| macro vascular diabetic complications | coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease |
| strain | stretch, mechanical overload of muscle |
| sprain | ligament can be torn or ruptured |
| malunion | healing with deformity |
| fracture blister | epidermal necrosis |
| compartment syndrome | increased pressure, compromises circulation |
| erythema multiforme minor | ring like erythematous macules and blisters |
| steven johnson syndrome | ulceration of mucus membrane and skin |
| ALS | upper and lower motor neurons progressively destroyed, weakness, dysphagia, dysarthraia |
| ischemic stroke | blot clot clogs blood vessel in brain |
| ischemic thrombosis | blood clot forms in artery leading to brain, aphasia, neglect, vision problems |
| embolic ischemia | traveling clot to brain |
| ischemic penumbra | area of infarct surrounded by ischemia, can be restored |
| hemorrhagic stroke | blood vessel bursts in brain |
| myasthenia gravis | attack on acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction leads to muscle weakness |
| type 1 diabetes | pancreatic beta cells destroyed by the body, insufficient insulin |
| type 1 manifestations | polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, weakness, ketosis |
| type 2 diabetes | insulin resistance, common with metabolic syndrome, gradual, visual problems |
| gestational diabetes | impaired glucose regulation during pregnancy |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| glucagon | stimulates conversion to glucose |
| gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from amino acids, glycerol and lactic acid |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | fruity breath, Kussamul, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hyperglycemia |
| hyperglycemic hyper-osmotic state | glucose > 600, dehydration, neurological symptoms, coma, type 2 |
| A1C | average blood sugar over months, 4-6% |
| multiple sclerosis | inflammation, demyelination of myelin sheaths exposes nerve fibers, plaque formation, sclerosis |
| early multiple sclerosis | myelin sheath damage, able to regenerate |
| late multiple sclerosis | myelin destroyed, nerve fiber damage, permanent loss of function |
| impetigo | bacterial infection of skin |
| hormone resistance | impaired response, absent, defective binding and cellular receptor defects |
| cushing syndrome | excess cortisol secretion leads to osteoporosis, muscle wasting, hirsutism |
| addison disease | destruction of the adrenal gland and glucocorticoid insufficiency, weight loss, fluid imbalance, myalgia, arthralgia |
| jaundice | unconjugated bilirubin |
| prehepatic bilirubin | sickle cell anemia, transfusion reaction |
| cholecystisis | inflammation of the gallbladder due to gallstones, constant RUQ pain, radiating to shoulder |
| cholelithiasis | gallstones |
| choledolithiasis | stones in common bile duct, backup of flow |
| cholangitis | inflammation of common bile duct |
| pancreas | insulin and glucose regulation, releases enzymes |
| oral glucose tolerance | gestational diabetes diagnostic, thick sugar syrup |
| fasting blood glucose | 8 hours no eating, concentration of glucose |
| polydipsia | due to excretion, thirst |
| polyphagia | hunger, cells starving, weight loss, fatigue |
| hypoglycemia | use too much insulin, fasting or exercise, neurological symptoms, lethargic, restlessness, anxiety, less sugar to the brain |
| somogyi effect | midnight hypoglycemia stimulates counter regulatory response to cause a hyperglycemia in morning |
| dawn phenomenon | normal sugar through the night, hormone release in morning causes hyperglycemia |
| microvascular complication | nephropathies, neuropathies, retinopathies |
| pituitary | secretes hormones that talk to other glands |
| ACTH | adrenal gland; aldosterone and cortisol |
| cortisol | metabolism, antiinflammatory |
| growth hormone deficiency adults | atherosclerosis |
| hyperthyroidism | sweating, nervous, weight loss, heat intolerance, diarrhea, bulging eyes |
| thyroid storm | extreme surge of thyroid hormone, high fever, tachycardia, diarrhea, delirium |
| grave's disease | autoimmune dysfunction of thyroid, goiter, exopthalamus |
| hypothyroidism | low TSH, hypo metabolic state, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, myexedema |
| parkinson's disease | degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra, tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, dementia |
| ALS | affects motor function, sensory and intellect still intact |
| rubella | german measles, togavirus, macular and punctuate rash |
| rubeola | koplick spots, 7 day measles, blotchy spreads to appendages from face |
| lyme disease rash | erythema migrans (bullseye) |
| hyperkeratosis | increased epidermal cell turnover, thickening of skin |
| oculocephalic response | doll's eyes, opposite movement when head is moved |
| oculovestibular reflex | water in eye causes nystagmus |
| monroe kellie hypothesis | increases in volume in one compartment can be compensated for by decreased volume in another |
| brain | 10% blood, 10% CSF, 80% brain tissue |
| cardiac stroke risk factors | strial fibrilation, myocardial infarction, heart failure |
| stroke speech | broca's area, difficulty speaking and understanding |
| glucocorticoids | anti-inflammatory, essential for stress situations |
| primary adrenal cortical insufficiency | increase in ACTH because negative feedback not working |
| secondary adrenal insufficiency | result of hypopituitarism |
| acute adrenal crisis | life threatening situation impairs adrenal cortex |
| hyperkalemia | aldosterone not produced, imbalanced sodium and potassium |
| Addison disease manifestations | myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia |
| inflammatory bowel disease | autoimmune systemic manifestations, inflamed bowel |
| crohn's disease | cobblestone lesions in all layers of intestinal wall, fistulas, malabsorption |
| ulcerative colitis | ulcerative lesions in rectum and colon, in mucosal layer, blood diarrhea |
| achalasia | esophageal motility disorder in lower 2/3 of esophagus |
| acute gastritis cause | NSAID use, bacteria, alcohol and stress |
| gastritis | atrophy of glandular epithelium mucosa |
| chronic gastritis type a | autoimmune, pernicious anemia, neurological symptoms |
| chronic gastritis type b | h pylori, inflammation interferes with protection against acid |
| meningitis signs | kernig and brudinski |
| kernig sign | extended legs, stiffness |
| brudinski | neck flexed, knees bend |
| c dif | hospital acquired infection, overuse of antibiotics, inflamed colon, overgrowth of bacteria, bloody stool |
| predispositions to infection | diabetics, antibiotics, contraceptives, nutrition |
| low levels of cortisol | impaired immune response and inflammatory response |
| bile | aids in digestion of fat soluble vitamins, released from gallbladder, contains bilirubin |
| hiatal hernia | diaphragmatic hernia allows portion of stomach to rise through diaphragm into thorax |
| complications of GERD | esophageal erosion, barrets esophagus |
| gastritis manifestations | pain, emesis, ulceration |
| ulcer complications | hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, penetration |
| diabetic organs risk | kidneys and eyes |
| ecythma | ulcerative impetigo |
| rubeola | 7 day measles, koplik spots on buccal mucosa |
| convulsion | motor seizure involving the whole body |
| epilepsy | spontaneous recurring seizures |
| seizure | alteration in cell permeability and ion distribution |
| motor generalized seizure | involuntary movement during seizure |
| rubella manifestations | enlarged cervical and post auricular lymph nodes |
| stages of varicella | macule, vesicle, granular scab |
Created by:
ahommel
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