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8ES 1st SEM EXAM

8th Grade Earth Science 1st Semester Exam Coach Leach

TermDefinition
Creation Mandate God's command in Genesis 1:28 to manage the earth wisely, and to use it for God's glory and man's benefit.
Worldview The overall perspective that is based on presuppositions that a person uses to view and interpret the world.
Presupposition An assumption about how the world works that a person believes to be true.
Model A simple, useful, workable representation of something in the world.
Measured Data Data that usually consists of numbers with units; produced using instruments.
Descriptive Data Data describing an observation using words; depends more on the observer's judgement.
Operational Science The study of presently occurring scientific events.
Historical Science The investigation of events that happened in the unobservable past by observing evidence in the present; depends heavily on a scientist's worldview.
Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Temperature The hotness or coldness of a substance, stated in degrees; a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.
Solid A rigid state of matter in which the particles align in a fixed arrangement with an unchanging shape and volume.
Liquid A fluid state of matter in which the particles are free to move but are held close to each other with an unchanging volume but a changeable shape.
Gas A fluid state of matter in which particles move so fast and are so far apart as to have little interaction with each other and have both a changeable shape and volume.
Melting The change of state from a solid to a liquid at the melting point that is caused by adding energy.
Freezing The change of state from a liquid to a solid caused by removing energy.
First Law of Thermodynamics Scientific law that states that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only transfer between objects or transform to a different form.
Physical Change A change in matter that doesn't alter its chemical identity.
Chemical Change The change from one pure substance to another by the rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction.
Map Scale The ratio of a distance represented on a map to the same distance on the earth's surface; indicated with two numbers separated by a colon.
Cartographer A person that makes maps.
Cardinal Direction One of the four key geographic directions: north, south, east, or west.
Equator The great circle of latitude perpendicular to the earth's rotational axis; also is 0 degrees latitude and divides the earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Prime Meridian The semicircle on the globe that connects the North and South Poles and passes through Greenwich, England.
Latitude Also known as parallels; any line on a map or globe parallel to the Equator.
Longitude Also known as meridians; any line on a map, perpendicular to parallels that indicates the direction of true north.
Geology The study of Earth's structures, materials and processes.
Uniformitarianism The belief that all geologic processes are natural, have always been the same, and have always happened at the same gradual rate; summed up by the statement: the present is the key to the past.
Crust The solid, relatively low-density outermost layer of rocky planets and natural satellites and lies under loose surface materials and the oceans.
Moho The boundary between the Earth's crust and its mantle.
Mantle Hot, plastic rock that fills the interior of many rocky planets and some natural satellites; located between the crust and the core, in the earth it makes up 84% of the planet's volume.
Core In Earth, the dense, extremely hot central region of the Earth's interior consisting of two parts: a liquid outer core and a solid inner core; makes up about 15% of the earth's volume.
Renewable Resource A natural resource that has an unlimited supply or that can be easily replenished.
Nonrenewable Resource A natural resource that people cannot replenish.
Stratum A rock layer in a sequence of strata.
Geologic Column The theoretical collection of rock layers in the order in which they formed.
Principle of Superposition The assumption that the layers of rock in any undisturbed sequence of strata contain the oldest stratum at the bottom with the younger or later layers placed in order above it.
Diluvial Geologic Time Scale A creation model of the earth's geologic history that classifies and arranges rocks in the sequence of their formation relative to the biblical flood.
Tectonics The forces, energy, and processes that formed and reshaped the earth's continents, mountains, and ocean basins.
Continental Drift Theory A model that explains the shape and arrangement of present continents and their features as the product of the slow motion of tectonic plates over millions of years.
Tectonic Plate A section of the earth's crust that moves as a unit compared to other regions of crust.
Subduction The tectonic process by which relatively thin and denser oceanic crust slowly slides down and under more massive but less dense continental crust.
Catastrophic Plate Tectonics A model of the plate tectonics theory that proposes that the continents we see today formed during the one year period of the Flood.
Pangea The last of a series of supercontinents proposed by secular geologists that became the continents of today through continental drift.
Earthquake A measurable movement of the earth's crust.
Stress Any force exerted on an object.
Compression A contact force that acts to squeeze or crush an object or substance.
Tension Forces that act to pull an object apart.
Shear Forces acting in opposite directions on different parts of the same object or substance.
Divergent Boundary The margin between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.
Convergent Boundary The margin between two tectonic plates that are moving toward each other.
Transform Boundary The margin between two tectonic plates that are sliding in opposite directions parallel to the margin.
Joint A crack in a rock that shows no indication of motion on either side of the crack.
Fault A joint or crack in rock where the rock on both sides of the joint have moved relative to each other.
Strike The compass direction of the horizontal plane of the surface of a fault face or rock stratum.
Dip The angle of slope of a fault face or stratum, measured from the horizontal plane.
Seismometer An instrument that detects the movement of the earth due to seismic waves.
P Wave The first earthquake wave that reaches a seismic station from an earthquake; these waves are the fastest seismic waves, passing through all parts of the earth's interior and tend to be the least destructive.
S Wave The second earthquake wave that reaches a seismic station from an earthquake; they don't pass through the earth's core and are much more destructive than primary waves.
Focus The point of an earthquake's origin deep within the earth.
Epicenter The location on the earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus.
Richter Scale A scale that rates the magnitude of the intensity of an earthquake.
Tsunami A far-reaching, devastating water wave caused by seismic activity.
Topography The features of the earth's surface in a particular region, including different landforms with varying elevation.
Isostasy The balance between the downward weights of rock, water, ice and the upward force exerted by the mantle.
Orogeny The tectonic processes and landforms of mountain building.
Elevation The height of a point on the earth's surface.
Actual Height The height of a mountain above its base.
Fold Mountain A mountain landform created by folded rock strata.
Erosional Mountain A mountain landform carved out by extensive erosion, usually from a plateau; also called a residual mountain.
Depositional Mountain A mountain landform produced by the deposition of volcanic materials or sediments by ice, water, or wind.
Created by: CoachLeach
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