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BIO 1202 final exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Functions of blood | - transport nutrients to tissues (gases, macromolecules) - carry immune cells and antibodies - regulate body temperature - maintain fluid balance - form clots which prevent excess bleeding |
| Veins | blood vessels which move blood towards the heart (blood is unoxygenated) |
| Arteries | blood vessels which move blood away from the heart (blood is oxygenated) |
| Capillaries | very thin, very small vessels which facilitate the process of gas exchange between the blood and tissues |
| How blood travels through the heart | Blood enters through upper R chamber, pumped into lower R ch., & then pumped out of the pulmonary artery towards lungs, where it will pick up o2 & release co2. oxygenated blood reenters heart through upper L ch, pumped into lower R ch, then out the aorta |
| Generalized structure of lungs | - 2 major lobes connected via the trachea, which branches off into separate bronchae, which then further branches of into smaller and smaller bronchioles - tips o the branches have the alveoli (bunches of thin-walled cells) where gas exchange will occur |
| Connection between circulatory and respiratory systems | circulatory system transports blood (which transports o2/co2), and the respiratory system enables you to take in o2 and exhale co2 |
| How smoking causes emphysema | caused by damage to the alveoli, which causes them to have less surface area for gas exchange |
| Smokings effect on respiration | labored breathing (individual is not taking in enough oxygen per breath, and not releasing enough co2 with each exhale) |
| How smoking causes bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchioles, which leads to inefficient inhale/exhalation (not enough o2 is getting into the lungs and not enough co2 is being exhaled from the lungs per breath) |
| Effects of smoking on circulatory system | smoking increases amount of plaque on the sides of blood vessels - causes inefficient blood movement, meaning the heart compensates by pumping harder/faster to move the same volume of blood - increases risk of a blockage - increases blood pressure |
| How smoking can lead to various types of cancer | tobacco contains large quantity of carcinogens (cancer causing agents), which cause mutations in genes associated with cancer prevention genes assoc. w: - controlling speed of cellular division - maintaining cellular checkpoints - DNA repair |
| Four major steps of digestive process | - Ingestion: eating food - Digestion: phys/chem breakdown of food - Absorption: obtaining nutrients (carbs, sugars, fats, etc) - Excretion |
| What happened to a meal as it progresses through digestion (pt. 1) | - mouth: phys breakdown of food via chewing, chem bd via secretion of various enzymes - stomach: phys bd via peristalsis, chem bd via secretion of pepsin & degradation of food by gastric juices |
| Peristalsis | involuntary muscle movement in stomach |
| What happened to a meal as it progresses through digestion (pt. 2) | small intestines: chyme enters, pancreas releases compounds to decrease acidity, & gallbladder releases bile salts for easier absorption of fats - large intestines: water reabsorption, some nutrient absorption, |
| How physical structure of small intestines facilitates nutrient absorption | intestinal cells are lined with villi (tiny ridges which increase surface area, allowing more site for nutrient absorption) |
| Benefits of a diverse gut microbiome | - associated with a reduction of various gastral intestinal issues - better absorption of nutrients & water - reduced changes of major infections - having a less divers gm may be associated w/ diabetes & obesity |
| General purpose/function of endocrine system | main purpose: regulate activity of internal organs via the secretion of hormones from various glands - development, growth, reproduction - response to environmental changes (ex: stress) - maintenance of homeostasis |
| Homeostasis | the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, esp as maintained by physiological processes - set of internal conditions that are considered 'norma' that your body tries to maintain |
| Stress response rom a hormonal perspective | - fight or flight response - adrenalin released from adrenal glands - causes heart rate and breathing rate to increase, and causes liver to release glucose into bloodstream, and movement of blood towards large muscles away from digestive system |
| How insulin and glucagon act to regulate blood sugar levels | - bs gets high, insulin & amylin released into bloodstream - insulin: muscle, fat, & liver cells absorb glucose - amylin: blocks release of glucagon - eventually these levels decr. - m,f,l cells chop up stored sugars & release glucose to bloodstream |
| How positive & negative feedback loops function | Neg: there is some stimulus & body reacts to stop/reduce the severity of stimulus (ex: too cold = shiver to raise body temp) Pos: there is some stimulus & body reacts to cont. or increase that stimulus |
| Components of a neuron | - dendrites - soma (cell body) - axon - myelin sheath - glial cell - synapse |
| Dendrites | finger-like projections, puck up signals from nearby neurons |
| Soma (Cell Body) | processes signals from dendrites & passes them along |
| Axon | main extension of cell body, electrical signals pass through |
| Myelin Sheath | fatty layer surrounding most of axon & facilitates conduction |
| Glial Cell | produce myelin sheath, provides nutrients & protection to neuron |
| Synapse | end of the neuron, where neurotransmitters are released |
| How synaptic transmission functions | neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft, which continues the electrical signal |
| Central Nervous System | - associated with brain and spinal cord - receives sensory information, processes it, and coordinates activity throughout the rest of the body in response |
| Peripheral Nervous System | - links the CNS to the rest of the body (to coordinate/facilitate actions) - somatic, autonomic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic systems |
| Somatic System | associated with VOLUNTARY actions |
| Autonomic System | associated with INVOLUNTARY actions (ex: breathing, heart beating, etc) - includes sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
| Sympathetic System | - stress response - fight or flight - breathing and heart rate speeds up |
| Parasympathetic System | - relaxation responses - slowing of breathing or heart rate |
| Circadian Rhythm | - internal physiological pattern that lasts abt 24 hours, influenced by wakefulness & sleep drive - under normal circumstances, you wake up with high wakefulness & low sleep drive, which slowly flips througout day, till night time when you sleep |
| How light influences our desire to sleep | - during the day, light enters out eyes & a signal is sent to the brain inhibiting the production of sleep-inducing compounds like melatonin - absence of light, signal is sent that stimulates the production of sleep-inducing compounds |
| Different levels of sleep | - awake - REM: dreams, high brain activity (similar to being awake) - Stage 1: brain act. decreases, theta waves - Stage 2: bursts of act. (sleep spindle), followed by k complex, making sure you stay asleep - Stage 3: delta waves, minimal brain act. |
| Potential theories for purpose/benefit of sleep | - behavioral/evolutionary: sleep = survival strategy - memory: increases store & recall of mems - energy conservation: sleep = less energy use/break from energy use (homeostasis, metab., etc) - brain clean up: during day, brain accumulates waste comp. |
Created by:
holtha
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