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Cellular Respiration
AP Biology Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | Process which generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used as fuel for cellular respiration |
| Fermentation | A Partial degredation of sugars that occurs without O2 |
| Aerobic Respiration | Process which consumes organic molecules and O2, yielding ATP |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 |
| Cellular Respiration | Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes, but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration; can be traced with Glucose |
| Redox Reactions | Chemical Reactions that transfer electrons between reactants, through oxidation and reduction |
| Oxidation | When a substance loses electrons |
| Reduction | When a substance gains electrons |
| Reducing agent | An electron donor |
| Oxidizing agent | An electron acceptor |
| NAD+ | A coenzyme, and electron acceptor, functions as an oxidizing agent during Cellular Respiration |
| NADH | The reduced form of NAD+, represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP |
| Dehydrogenases | Enzymes which facilitate the transfer of two electrons and one hydrogen ion to NAD+ forming NADH, releasing one Hydrogen ion (H+) |
| Electron Transport Chain | Electrons are passed to increasingly electronegative carrier molecules though a series redox reactions / energy relasing steps |
| Glycolosis | Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytosol; Occurs in the Cytoplasm whether or not O2 is present |
| Pyruvate Oxidtion | Begins the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix |
| Citric Acid Cycle | Completes the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix; breaks down pyruvate into CO2 |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Accounts for most of the ATP synthesis and occurs in the inner membrane of the mitchondria; Involves the transfer of inorganic phosphates to ADP |
| Substrate-level Phosphorylation | Forms a small ammount of ATP during glycolosis and Citric Acid Cycle; An enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule to ADP |
| Energy Investment Phase | The first major phase of glycolysis |
| Energy Payoff Phase | The Second major phase of glycolysis |
| Acetyl Coenzyme | Pyrvate must be converted to this before entering the citric acid cycle |
| FADH2 | Along with NADH produced by the Citric Acid Cycle it helps relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain |
| Inner Membrane | Where the electron transport chain takes place inside the mitochondira |
| Cytochromes | Function as electron carriers with attached heme groups |
| H20 | Formed as a byproduct when O2 is reduced |
| ATP Synthase | H+ can only cross the inner membrane through these protein complexes; Uese the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP |
| Chemiosmosis | The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work |
| Proton Motive Force | Emphasizes the H+ gradient's capacity to do work |
| Alcohol Fermentation | Pyruvate is converted to ethonol in two steps, including the formation of Acetaldehyde and regeneration of NAD+ |
| Fermentation | Allows continuous production of ATP by the substrate - level phosphorylation of glycolosis |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Pyruvate is converted directly to lactate without producing CO2 |
| Obligate Anaerobes | Use only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 |
| Facultative Anaerobes | Yeast and bacteria can use cellular respiration in the presence of O2 or fermentation when O2 is absent |
| Beta Oxidation | Breaks down fatty acids into two carbon fragments, yeiding acetyl CoA |
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lgiall20
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